Unusual feeding behavior in wild great apes, a window to understand origins of self-medication in humans: Role of sociality and physiology on learning process

Abstract Certain toxic plants are beneficial for health if small amounts are ingested infrequently and in a specific context of illness. Among our closest living relatives, chimpanzees are found to consume plants with pharmacological properties. Providing insight on the origins of human self-medicat...

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Veröffentlicht in:Physiology & behavior 2012-01, Vol.105 (2), p.337-349
Hauptverfasser: Masi, Shelly, Gustafsson, Erik, Saint Jalme, Michel, Narat, Victor, Todd, Angelique, Bomsel, Marie-Claude, Krief, Sabrina
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container_issue 2
container_start_page 337
container_title Physiology & behavior
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creator Masi, Shelly
Gustafsson, Erik
Saint Jalme, Michel
Narat, Victor
Todd, Angelique
Bomsel, Marie-Claude
Krief, Sabrina
description Abstract Certain toxic plants are beneficial for health if small amounts are ingested infrequently and in a specific context of illness. Among our closest living relatives, chimpanzees are found to consume plants with pharmacological properties. Providing insight on the origins of human self-medication, this study investigates the role social systems and physiology (namely gut specialization) play on learning mechanisms involved in the consumption of unusual and potentially bioactive foods by two great ape species. We collected data from a community of 41–44 wild chimpanzees in Uganda (11 months, 2008), and a group of 11–13 wild western gorillas in Central African Republic (10 months, 2008–2009). During feeding, we recorded food consumed, its availability, and social interactions (including observers watching conspecifics and the observers' subsequent activity). Unusual food consumption in chimpanzees was twice higher than in gorillas. Additionally chimpanzees relied more on social information with vertical knowledge transmission on unusual foods by continually acquiring information during their life through mostly observing the fittest (pre-senescent) adults. In contrast, in gorillas observational learning primarily occurred between related immatures, showing instead the importance of horizontal knowledge transmission. As chimpanzees' guts are physiologically less specialized than gorillas (more capable of detoxifying harmful compounds), unusual-food consumption may be more risky for chimpanzees and linked to reasons other than nutrition (like self-medication). Our results show that differences in sociality and physiology between the two species may influence mechanisms that discriminate between plants for nutrition and plants with potential therapeutic dietary components. We conclude that self-medication may have appeared in our ancestors in association with high social tolerance and lack of herbivorous gut specialization.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.012
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source MEDLINE; Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier)
subjects adults
Age Factors
ancestry
Animal biology
Animals
Ape Diseases - therapy
Behavioral psychophysiology
Biodiversity
Biodiversity and Ecology
Biological and medical sciences
Biological anthropology
Central African Republic
Chimpanzees
Diet
digestive system
Ecology, environment
Environment and Society
Environmental Sciences
Feeding
feeding behavior
Feeding Behavior - physiology
Female
Food and Nutrition
foods
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Geography
Gorilla
Gorilla gorilla - physiology
Gut detoxication abilities
Humanities and Social Sciences
humans
immatures
Inhibition (Psychology)
learning
Learning - physiology
Life Sciences
Male
Medicinal plants
Microbiology and Parasitology
nutrition
Observational learning
Pan troglodytes
Pan troglodytes - physiology
Primates
Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Santé publique et épidémiologie
Self Medication
Social Anthropology and ethnology
Social Behavior
Species Specificity
Statistics, Nonparametric
toxicity
Uganda
Unusual food
Western gorillas
title Unusual feeding behavior in wild great apes, a window to understand origins of self-medication in humans: Role of sociality and physiology on learning process
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