rapid northward shift of the range margin of a Mediterranean parasitoid insect (Hymenoptera) associated with regional climate warming
AIM: Many species are undergoing range shifts to higher latitudes in response to global warming. Whereas several studies of insects have examined causes of variability in the rate of range expansions, few studies have investigated species occupying higher trophic levels, where the effects of climate...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of biogeography 2014-07, Vol.41 (7), p.1379-1389 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | 1389 |
---|---|
container_issue | 7 |
container_start_page | 1379 |
container_title | Journal of biogeography |
container_volume | 41 |
creator | Delava, Emilie Allemand, Roland Léger, Lucas Fleury, Frédéric Gibert, Patricia Whittaker, Robert |
description | AIM: Many species are undergoing range shifts to higher latitudes in response to global warming. Whereas several studies of insects have examined causes of variability in the rate of range expansions, few studies have investigated species occupying higher trophic levels, where the effects of climate change are predicted to be particularly strong. Here, we analyse changes in the geographical range of Leptopilina boulardi, a small parasitoid of Drosophila larvae, in relation to temperature changes in the study area. LOCATION: The Rhône–Saône Valley in south‐eastern France. METHODS: A survey of L. boulardi and its two Drosophila host species was conducted in 16 localities at the northern margin of the L. boulardi range over a period of 9 years. A generalized linear mixed model was used to explain the occurrence of the parasitoid in the study area and its northward progression. We also developed linear mixed‐effects models to determine the temperature changes in the studied area. RESULTS: Leptopilina boulardi was found to be moving very rapidly northwards, with an average rate of range expansion of 90 km decade⁻¹, exceeding previously observed rates for small insects. We recorded significant warming (+1.57 °C, on average from 1979 to 2011), with a considerable temperature increase of 4 °C in the spring. Leptopilina boulardi range expansion is not limited by host availability, and we suggest that this northward range expansion is primarily a direct response to climate warming. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: In south‐eastern France, a very rapid progression northwards, which coincides with a marked increase in temperature, was observed for a higher‐trophic‐level insect. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/jbi.12314 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>jstor_hal_p</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_01917412v1</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><jstor_id>24035288</jstor_id><sourcerecordid>24035288</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4784-1a076af88fbe2979fc1b86a758976a5c227b8d7eca7f2ce2f44f2fe2c227e6333</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kd1uEzEQhVcIJELhggdAWEJI7cW2_l17L0tFm6K0SC0F7qyJYycOm3WwN4Q8AO-Nly2phIRvLJ3z-cyMpyheEnxM8jlZTv0xoYzwR8WIsEqUtKrrx8UIMyxKTCV-WjxLaYkxrgXjo-JXhLWfoTbEbrGFOENp4V2HgkPdwqII7dyiFcS5b3sN0JWd-c7GbFho0RoiJN-FnODbZE2HDse7lW3DOjNwhCClYDx0doa2vlugaOc-tNAg0_hVllEuufLt_HnxxEGT7Iv7-6C4O3__6WxcTj5eXJ6dTkrDpeIlASwrcEq5qaW1rJ0hU1WBFKrOujCUyqmaSWtAOmosdZw76iztDVsxxg6KoyF3AY1ex9xD3OkAXo9PJ7rXMKmJ5IT-IJk9HNh1DN83NnV65ZOxTZNHD5ukieCsrqVSPfrmH3QZNjHP2VNMUCoqzh-KmxhSitbtOyBY98vTeXn6z_Iy-_Y-EZKBxuX_Nj7tH1AlBJFVX_lk4La-sbv_B-oP7y7_Jr8aXixTF-JDIse5UaWyXw6-T539ufchftOVZFLoL9cX-vZ88vXm6uZaf87864F3EDTMY-7y7pZiwjEmghDJ2G_pvMqd</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1535225644</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>rapid northward shift of the range margin of a Mediterranean parasitoid insect (Hymenoptera) associated with regional climate warming</title><source>JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing</source><source>Wiley Online Library All Journals</source><creator>Delava, Emilie ; Allemand, Roland ; Léger, Lucas ; Fleury, Frédéric ; Gibert, Patricia ; Whittaker, Robert</creator><contributor>Whittaker, Robert ; Whittaker, Robert</contributor><creatorcontrib>Delava, Emilie ; Allemand, Roland ; Léger, Lucas ; Fleury, Frédéric ; Gibert, Patricia ; Whittaker, Robert ; Whittaker, Robert ; Whittaker, Robert</creatorcontrib><description>AIM: Many species are undergoing range shifts to higher latitudes in response to global warming. Whereas several studies of insects have examined causes of variability in the rate of range expansions, few studies have investigated species occupying higher trophic levels, where the effects of climate change are predicted to be particularly strong. Here, we analyse changes in the geographical range of Leptopilina boulardi, a small parasitoid of Drosophila larvae, in relation to temperature changes in the study area. LOCATION: The Rhône–Saône Valley in south‐eastern France. METHODS: A survey of L. boulardi and its two Drosophila host species was conducted in 16 localities at the northern margin of the L. boulardi range over a period of 9 years. A generalized linear mixed model was used to explain the occurrence of the parasitoid in the study area and its northward progression. We also developed linear mixed‐effects models to determine the temperature changes in the studied area. RESULTS: Leptopilina boulardi was found to be moving very rapidly northwards, with an average rate of range expansion of 90 km decade⁻¹, exceeding previously observed rates for small insects. We recorded significant warming (+1.57 °C, on average from 1979 to 2011), with a considerable temperature increase of 4 °C in the spring. Leptopilina boulardi range expansion is not limited by host availability, and we suggest that this northward range expansion is primarily a direct response to climate warming. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: In south‐eastern France, a very rapid progression northwards, which coincides with a marked increase in temperature, was observed for a higher‐trophic‐level insect.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0305-0270</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2699</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12314</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JBIODN</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications</publisher><subject>Agricultural sciences ; Agronomy ; Animal and plant ecology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Biodiversity ; Biodiversity and Ecology ; Biogeography ; Biological and medical sciences ; Climate change ; Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change ; Drosophila ; Drosophila parasitoid ; Earth, ocean, space ; Ecological genetics ; Ecology, environment ; Ecosystems ; Entomology ; Environmental Sciences ; Exact sciences and technology ; External geophysics ; France ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; Genetics ; geographical range expansion ; Global Changes ; Global warming ; Host range ; Hymenoptera ; Impacts of climate change and variability ; insect distribution ; Insecta ; insects ; Invertebrates ; larvae ; latitude ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Life Sciences ; Meteorology ; Microbiology and Parasitology ; northward progression ; Parasite hosts ; Parasitoids ; Parasitology ; Populations and Evolution ; range shift ; Seasons ; spring ; statistical models ; surveys ; Symbiosis ; Synecology ; temperature</subject><ispartof>Journal of biogeography, 2014-07, Vol.41 (7), p.1379-1389</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4784-1a076af88fbe2979fc1b86a758976a5c227b8d7eca7f2ce2f44f2fe2c227e6333</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4784-1a076af88fbe2979fc1b86a758976a5c227b8d7eca7f2ce2f44f2fe2c227e6333</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9461-6820</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24035288$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/24035288$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,782,786,805,887,1419,27931,27932,45581,45582,58024,58257</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28551761$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-01917412$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Whittaker, Robert</contributor><contributor>Whittaker, Robert</contributor><creatorcontrib>Delava, Emilie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allemand, Roland</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Léger, Lucas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fleury, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibert, Patricia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whittaker, Robert</creatorcontrib><title>rapid northward shift of the range margin of a Mediterranean parasitoid insect (Hymenoptera) associated with regional climate warming</title><title>Journal of biogeography</title><addtitle>J. Biogeogr</addtitle><description>AIM: Many species are undergoing range shifts to higher latitudes in response to global warming. Whereas several studies of insects have examined causes of variability in the rate of range expansions, few studies have investigated species occupying higher trophic levels, where the effects of climate change are predicted to be particularly strong. Here, we analyse changes in the geographical range of Leptopilina boulardi, a small parasitoid of Drosophila larvae, in relation to temperature changes in the study area. LOCATION: The Rhône–Saône Valley in south‐eastern France. METHODS: A survey of L. boulardi and its two Drosophila host species was conducted in 16 localities at the northern margin of the L. boulardi range over a period of 9 years. A generalized linear mixed model was used to explain the occurrence of the parasitoid in the study area and its northward progression. We also developed linear mixed‐effects models to determine the temperature changes in the studied area. RESULTS: Leptopilina boulardi was found to be moving very rapidly northwards, with an average rate of range expansion of 90 km decade⁻¹, exceeding previously observed rates for small insects. We recorded significant warming (+1.57 °C, on average from 1979 to 2011), with a considerable temperature increase of 4 °C in the spring. Leptopilina boulardi range expansion is not limited by host availability, and we suggest that this northward range expansion is primarily a direct response to climate warming. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: In south‐eastern France, a very rapid progression northwards, which coincides with a marked increase in temperature, was observed for a higher‐trophic‐level insect.</description><subject>Agricultural sciences</subject><subject>Agronomy</subject><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biodiversity and Ecology</subject><subject>Biogeography</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change</subject><subject>Drosophila</subject><subject>Drosophila parasitoid</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Ecological genetics</subject><subject>Ecology, environment</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Entomology</subject><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>External geophysics</subject><subject>France</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>geographical range expansion</subject><subject>Global Changes</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Host range</subject><subject>Hymenoptera</subject><subject>Impacts of climate change and variability</subject><subject>insect distribution</subject><subject>Insecta</subject><subject>insects</subject><subject>Invertebrates</subject><subject>larvae</subject><subject>latitude</subject><subject>Leptopilina boulardi</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Meteorology</subject><subject>Microbiology and Parasitology</subject><subject>northward progression</subject><subject>Parasite hosts</subject><subject>Parasitoids</subject><subject>Parasitology</subject><subject>Populations and Evolution</subject><subject>range shift</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>spring</subject><subject>statistical models</subject><subject>surveys</subject><subject>Symbiosis</subject><subject>Synecology</subject><subject>temperature</subject><issn>0305-0270</issn><issn>1365-2699</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kd1uEzEQhVcIJELhggdAWEJI7cW2_l17L0tFm6K0SC0F7qyJYycOm3WwN4Q8AO-Nly2phIRvLJ3z-cyMpyheEnxM8jlZTv0xoYzwR8WIsEqUtKrrx8UIMyxKTCV-WjxLaYkxrgXjo-JXhLWfoTbEbrGFOENp4V2HgkPdwqII7dyiFcS5b3sN0JWd-c7GbFho0RoiJN-FnODbZE2HDse7lW3DOjNwhCClYDx0doa2vlugaOc-tNAg0_hVllEuufLt_HnxxEGT7Iv7-6C4O3__6WxcTj5eXJ6dTkrDpeIlASwrcEq5qaW1rJ0hU1WBFKrOujCUyqmaSWtAOmosdZw76iztDVsxxg6KoyF3AY1ex9xD3OkAXo9PJ7rXMKmJ5IT-IJk9HNh1DN83NnV65ZOxTZNHD5ukieCsrqVSPfrmH3QZNjHP2VNMUCoqzh-KmxhSitbtOyBY98vTeXn6z_Iy-_Y-EZKBxuX_Nj7tH1AlBJFVX_lk4La-sbv_B-oP7y7_Jr8aXixTF-JDIse5UaWyXw6-T539ufchftOVZFLoL9cX-vZ88vXm6uZaf87864F3EDTMY-7y7pZiwjEmghDJ2G_pvMqd</recordid><startdate>201407</startdate><enddate>201407</enddate><creator>Delava, Emilie</creator><creator>Allemand, Roland</creator><creator>Léger, Lucas</creator><creator>Fleury, Frédéric</creator><creator>Gibert, Patricia</creator><creator>Whittaker, Robert</creator><general>Blackwell Scientific Publications</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>John Wiley & Sons Ltd</general><general>Blackwell</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><general>Wiley</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9461-6820</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201407</creationdate><title>rapid northward shift of the range margin of a Mediterranean parasitoid insect (Hymenoptera) associated with regional climate warming</title><author>Delava, Emilie ; Allemand, Roland ; Léger, Lucas ; Fleury, Frédéric ; Gibert, Patricia ; Whittaker, Robert</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4784-1a076af88fbe2979fc1b86a758976a5c227b8d7eca7f2ce2f44f2fe2c227e6333</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Agricultural sciences</topic><topic>Agronomy</topic><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biodiversity and Ecology</topic><topic>Biogeography</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change</topic><topic>Drosophila</topic><topic>Drosophila parasitoid</topic><topic>Earth, ocean, space</topic><topic>Ecological genetics</topic><topic>Ecology, environment</topic><topic>Ecosystems</topic><topic>Entomology</topic><topic>Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>External geophysics</topic><topic>France</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>geographical range expansion</topic><topic>Global Changes</topic><topic>Global warming</topic><topic>Host range</topic><topic>Hymenoptera</topic><topic>Impacts of climate change and variability</topic><topic>insect distribution</topic><topic>Insecta</topic><topic>insects</topic><topic>Invertebrates</topic><topic>larvae</topic><topic>latitude</topic><topic>Leptopilina boulardi</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Meteorology</topic><topic>Microbiology and Parasitology</topic><topic>northward progression</topic><topic>Parasite hosts</topic><topic>Parasitoids</topic><topic>Parasitology</topic><topic>Populations and Evolution</topic><topic>range shift</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>spring</topic><topic>statistical models</topic><topic>surveys</topic><topic>Symbiosis</topic><topic>Synecology</topic><topic>temperature</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Delava, Emilie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allemand, Roland</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Léger, Lucas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fleury, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibert, Patricia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whittaker, Robert</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Journal of biogeography</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Delava, Emilie</au><au>Allemand, Roland</au><au>Léger, Lucas</au><au>Fleury, Frédéric</au><au>Gibert, Patricia</au><au>Whittaker, Robert</au><au>Whittaker, Robert</au><au>Whittaker, Robert</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>rapid northward shift of the range margin of a Mediterranean parasitoid insect (Hymenoptera) associated with regional climate warming</atitle><jtitle>Journal of biogeography</jtitle><addtitle>J. Biogeogr</addtitle><date>2014-07</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>41</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1379</spage><epage>1389</epage><pages>1379-1389</pages><issn>0305-0270</issn><eissn>1365-2699</eissn><coden>JBIODN</coden><abstract>AIM: Many species are undergoing range shifts to higher latitudes in response to global warming. Whereas several studies of insects have examined causes of variability in the rate of range expansions, few studies have investigated species occupying higher trophic levels, where the effects of climate change are predicted to be particularly strong. Here, we analyse changes in the geographical range of Leptopilina boulardi, a small parasitoid of Drosophila larvae, in relation to temperature changes in the study area. LOCATION: The Rhône–Saône Valley in south‐eastern France. METHODS: A survey of L. boulardi and its two Drosophila host species was conducted in 16 localities at the northern margin of the L. boulardi range over a period of 9 years. A generalized linear mixed model was used to explain the occurrence of the parasitoid in the study area and its northward progression. We also developed linear mixed‐effects models to determine the temperature changes in the studied area. RESULTS: Leptopilina boulardi was found to be moving very rapidly northwards, with an average rate of range expansion of 90 km decade⁻¹, exceeding previously observed rates for small insects. We recorded significant warming (+1.57 °C, on average from 1979 to 2011), with a considerable temperature increase of 4 °C in the spring. Leptopilina boulardi range expansion is not limited by host availability, and we suggest that this northward range expansion is primarily a direct response to climate warming. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: In south‐eastern France, a very rapid progression northwards, which coincides with a marked increase in temperature, was observed for a higher‐trophic‐level insect.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Blackwell Scientific Publications</pub><doi>10.1111/jbi.12314</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9461-6820</orcidid></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0305-0270 |
ispartof | Journal of biogeography, 2014-07, Vol.41 (7), p.1379-1389 |
issn | 0305-0270 1365-2699 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_01917412v1 |
source | JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing; Wiley Online Library All Journals |
subjects | Agricultural sciences Agronomy Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biodiversity Biodiversity and Ecology Biogeography Biological and medical sciences Climate change Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change Drosophila Drosophila parasitoid Earth, ocean, space Ecological genetics Ecology, environment Ecosystems Entomology Environmental Sciences Exact sciences and technology External geophysics France Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Genetics geographical range expansion Global Changes Global warming Host range Hymenoptera Impacts of climate change and variability insect distribution Insecta insects Invertebrates larvae latitude Leptopilina boulardi Life Sciences Meteorology Microbiology and Parasitology northward progression Parasite hosts Parasitoids Parasitology Populations and Evolution range shift Seasons spring statistical models surveys Symbiosis Synecology temperature |
title | rapid northward shift of the range margin of a Mediterranean parasitoid insect (Hymenoptera) associated with regional climate warming |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-04T22%3A55%3A11IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_hal_p&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=rapid%20northward%20shift%20of%20the%20range%20margin%20of%20a%20Mediterranean%20parasitoid%20insect%20(Hymenoptera)%20associated%20with%20regional%20climate%20warming&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20biogeography&rft.au=Delava,%20Emilie&rft.date=2014-07&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=1379&rft.epage=1389&rft.pages=1379-1389&rft.issn=0305-0270&rft.eissn=1365-2699&rft.coden=JBIODN&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/jbi.12314&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_hal_p%3E24035288%3C/jstor_hal_p%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1535225644&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_jstor_id=24035288&rfr_iscdi=true |