Speciation of Mercury in Selected Areas of the Petroleum Value Chain
Petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas condensate can contain low levels of mercury (Hg). The speciation of Hg can affect its behavior during processing, transport, and storage so efficient and safe management of Hg requires an understanding of its chemical form in oil, gas and byproducts. Here, X-...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2018-02, Vol.52 (3), p.1655-1664 |
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| creator | Avellan, Astrid Stegemeier, John P Gai, Ke Dale, James Hsu-Kim, Heileen Levard, Clément O’Rear, Dennis Hoelen, Thomas P Lowry, Gregory V |
| description | Petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas condensate can contain low levels of mercury (Hg). The speciation of Hg can affect its behavior during processing, transport, and storage so efficient and safe management of Hg requires an understanding of its chemical form in oil, gas and byproducts. Here, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the Hg speciation in samples of solid residues collected throughout the petroleum value chain including stabilized crude oil residues, sediments from separation tanks and condensate glycol dehydrators, distillation column pipe scale, and biosludge from wastewater treatment. In all samples except glycol dehydrators, metacinnabar (β-HgS) was the primary form of Hg. Electron microscopy on particles from a crude sediment showed nanosized ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/acs.est.7b05066 |
| format | Article |
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The speciation of Hg can affect its behavior during processing, transport, and storage so efficient and safe management of Hg requires an understanding of its chemical form in oil, gas and byproducts. Here, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the Hg speciation in samples of solid residues collected throughout the petroleum value chain including stabilized crude oil residues, sediments from separation tanks and condensate glycol dehydrators, distillation column pipe scale, and biosludge from wastewater treatment. In all samples except glycol dehydrators, metacinnabar (β-HgS) was the primary form of Hg. Electron microscopy on particles from a crude sediment showed nanosized (<100 nm) particles forming larger aggregates, and confirmed the colocalization of Hg and sulfur. In sediments from glycol dehydrators, organic Hg(SR)2 accounted for ∼60% of the Hg, with ∼20% present as β-HgS and/or Hg(SR)4 species. β-HgS was the predominant Hg species in refinery biosludge and pipe scale samples. However, the balance of Hg species present in these samples depended on the nature of the crude oil being processed, i.e. sweet (low sulfur crudes) vs sour (higher sulfur crudes). This information on Hg speciation in the petroleum value chain will inform development of better engineering controls and management practices for Hg.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05066</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29224346</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Absorption spectroscopy ; Byproducts ; Condensates ; Crude oil ; Dehydration ; Distillation ; Earth Sciences ; Electron microscopy ; Mercury ; Mercury (metal) ; Microscopy ; Natural gas ; Particulates ; Petroleum ; Petroleum engineering ; Petroleum residues ; Refineries ; Residues ; Sciences of the Universe ; Sedimentation tanks ; Sediments ; Speciation ; Species ; Sulfur ; Value chain ; Value engineering ; Wastewater treatment ; X-ray absorption spectroscopy</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 2018-02, Vol.52 (3), p.1655-1664</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society Feb 6, 2018</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a432t-e03fcc5630b1bc8204725e8e1dab5dfa87ae46aa15cca059d3112dc0c1dcde7d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a432t-e03fcc5630b1bc8204725e8e1dab5dfa87ae46aa15cca059d3112dc0c1dcde7d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8599-008X ; 0000-0003-0675-4308 ; 0000-0001-6564-1077 ; 0000-0001-6081-4389 ; 0000-0001-7507-7959</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.7b05066$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b05066$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,2752,27053,27901,27902,56713,56763</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224346$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-01765569$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Avellan, Astrid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stegemeier, John P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gai, Ke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dale, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsu-Kim, Heileen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levard, Clément</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O’Rear, Dennis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoelen, Thomas P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lowry, Gregory V</creatorcontrib><title>Speciation of Mercury in Selected Areas of the Petroleum Value Chain</title><title>Environmental science & technology</title><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><description>Petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas condensate can contain low levels of mercury (Hg). The speciation of Hg can affect its behavior during processing, transport, and storage so efficient and safe management of Hg requires an understanding of its chemical form in oil, gas and byproducts. Here, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the Hg speciation in samples of solid residues collected throughout the petroleum value chain including stabilized crude oil residues, sediments from separation tanks and condensate glycol dehydrators, distillation column pipe scale, and biosludge from wastewater treatment. In all samples except glycol dehydrators, metacinnabar (β-HgS) was the primary form of Hg. Electron microscopy on particles from a crude sediment showed nanosized (<100 nm) particles forming larger aggregates, and confirmed the colocalization of Hg and sulfur. In sediments from glycol dehydrators, organic Hg(SR)2 accounted for ∼60% of the Hg, with ∼20% present as β-HgS and/or Hg(SR)4 species. β-HgS was the predominant Hg species in refinery biosludge and pipe scale samples. However, the balance of Hg species present in these samples depended on the nature of the crude oil being processed, i.e. sweet (low sulfur crudes) vs sour (higher sulfur crudes). This information on Hg speciation in the petroleum value chain will inform development of better engineering controls and management practices for Hg.</description><subject>Absorption spectroscopy</subject><subject>Byproducts</subject><subject>Condensates</subject><subject>Crude oil</subject><subject>Dehydration</subject><subject>Distillation</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Electron microscopy</subject><subject>Mercury</subject><subject>Mercury (metal)</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Natural gas</subject><subject>Particulates</subject><subject>Petroleum</subject><subject>Petroleum engineering</subject><subject>Petroleum residues</subject><subject>Refineries</subject><subject>Residues</subject><subject>Sciences of the Universe</subject><subject>Sedimentation tanks</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Speciation</subject><subject>Species</subject><subject>Sulfur</subject><subject>Value chain</subject><subject>Value engineering</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment</subject><subject>X-ray absorption spectroscopy</subject><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kUFr3DAQhUVpaTZpz70VQy8txZsZyZLt47JtmsCWFtKW3sRYGrMOXnsj2YX8-9jsdg-BnAY033uS3hPiHcISQeIlubjkOCzzCjQY80IsUEtIdaHxpVgAoEpLZf6eifMY7wBAKiheizNZSpmpzCzEl9s9u4aGpu-Svk6-c3BjeEiaLrnllt3APlkFpjgvhy0nP3kIfcvjLvlD7cjJektN90a8qqmN_PY4L8Tvq6-_1tfp5se3m_Vqk1Km5JAyqNo5bRRUWLlCQpZLzQWjp0r7moqcODNEqJ0j0KVXiNI7cOid59yrC_Hp4Lul1u5Ds6PwYHtq7PVqY-czwNxobcp_OLEfD-w-9PfjlJHdNdFx21LH_RgtlrnWpTRFPqEfnqB3_Ri66SdWAhYmx6KcqcsD5UIfY-D69AIEO5dhpzLsrD6WMSneH33Hasf-xP9PfwI-H4BZebrzObtHU-6THA</recordid><startdate>20180206</startdate><enddate>20180206</enddate><creator>Avellan, Astrid</creator><creator>Stegemeier, John P</creator><creator>Gai, Ke</creator><creator>Dale, James</creator><creator>Hsu-Kim, Heileen</creator><creator>Levard, Clément</creator><creator>O’Rear, Dennis</creator><creator>Hoelen, Thomas P</creator><creator>Lowry, Gregory V</creator><general>American Chemical Society</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-008X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-4308</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6564-1077</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-4389</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-7959</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180206</creationdate><title>Speciation of Mercury in Selected Areas of the Petroleum Value Chain</title><author>Avellan, Astrid ; Stegemeier, John P ; Gai, Ke ; Dale, James ; Hsu-Kim, Heileen ; Levard, Clément ; O’Rear, Dennis ; Hoelen, Thomas P ; Lowry, Gregory V</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a432t-e03fcc5630b1bc8204725e8e1dab5dfa87ae46aa15cca059d3112dc0c1dcde7d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Absorption spectroscopy</topic><topic>Byproducts</topic><topic>Condensates</topic><topic>Crude oil</topic><topic>Dehydration</topic><topic>Distillation</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Electron microscopy</topic><topic>Mercury</topic><topic>Mercury (metal)</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>Natural gas</topic><topic>Particulates</topic><topic>Petroleum</topic><topic>Petroleum engineering</topic><topic>Petroleum residues</topic><topic>Refineries</topic><topic>Residues</topic><topic>Sciences of the Universe</topic><topic>Sedimentation tanks</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Speciation</topic><topic>Species</topic><topic>Sulfur</topic><topic>Value chain</topic><topic>Value engineering</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment</topic><topic>X-ray absorption spectroscopy</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Avellan, Astrid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stegemeier, John P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gai, Ke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dale, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsu-Kim, Heileen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levard, Clément</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O’Rear, Dennis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoelen, Thomas P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lowry, Gregory V</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Avellan, Astrid</au><au>Stegemeier, John P</au><au>Gai, Ke</au><au>Dale, James</au><au>Hsu-Kim, Heileen</au><au>Levard, Clément</au><au>O’Rear, Dennis</au><au>Hoelen, Thomas P</au><au>Lowry, Gregory V</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Speciation of Mercury in Selected Areas of the Petroleum Value Chain</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>2018-02-06</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>52</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1655</spage><epage>1664</epage><pages>1655-1664</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><abstract>Petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas condensate can contain low levels of mercury (Hg). The speciation of Hg can affect its behavior during processing, transport, and storage so efficient and safe management of Hg requires an understanding of its chemical form in oil, gas and byproducts. Here, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the Hg speciation in samples of solid residues collected throughout the petroleum value chain including stabilized crude oil residues, sediments from separation tanks and condensate glycol dehydrators, distillation column pipe scale, and biosludge from wastewater treatment. In all samples except glycol dehydrators, metacinnabar (β-HgS) was the primary form of Hg. Electron microscopy on particles from a crude sediment showed nanosized (<100 nm) particles forming larger aggregates, and confirmed the colocalization of Hg and sulfur. In sediments from glycol dehydrators, organic Hg(SR)2 accounted for ∼60% of the Hg, with ∼20% present as β-HgS and/or Hg(SR)4 species. β-HgS was the predominant Hg species in refinery biosludge and pipe scale samples. However, the balance of Hg species present in these samples depended on the nature of the crude oil being processed, i.e. sweet (low sulfur crudes) vs sour (higher sulfur crudes). This information on Hg speciation in the petroleum value chain will inform development of better engineering controls and management practices for Hg.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>29224346</pmid><doi>10.1021/acs.est.7b05066</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-008X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-4308</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6564-1077</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-4389</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-7959</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Absorption spectroscopy Byproducts Condensates Crude oil Dehydration Distillation Earth Sciences Electron microscopy Mercury Mercury (metal) Microscopy Natural gas Particulates Petroleum Petroleum engineering Petroleum residues Refineries Residues Sciences of the Universe Sedimentation tanks Sediments Speciation Species Sulfur Value chain Value engineering Wastewater treatment X-ray absorption spectroscopy |
| title | Speciation of Mercury in Selected Areas of the Petroleum Value Chain |
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