Stability of CIGS solar cells under illumination with damp heat and dry heat: A comparison
Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were simultaneously exposed to either dry or damp heat combined illumination. In-situ monitoring of their electrical parameters demonstrated a rapid decrease of the efficiency for the solar cells exposed to damp heat plus illumination. This decrease was mainly driven...
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creator | Theelen, Mirjam Beyeler, Kyo Steijvers, Henk Barreau, Nicolas |
description | Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were simultaneously exposed to either dry or damp heat combined illumination. In-situ monitoring of their electrical parameters demonstrated a rapid decrease of the efficiency for the solar cells exposed to damp heat plus illumination. This decrease was mainly driven by changes in the shunt resistances, affecting also the open circuit voltage and fill factor, while a minor increase in series resistance was also observed. The solar cells exposed to dry heat plus illumination were almost stable during the exposure.
The solar cells were studied before and after exposure in order to investigate their material changes. For the dry heat illumination samples, the visual characteristics remained unchanged, while for the damp heat illumination samples, spots that were likely shunted, were observed. For these solar cells, SIMS showed the migration of sodium, likely leading to changes in the shunt resistance and output voltage. A similar, but less severe migration effect was observed for potassium, so this element might also have a small, but comparable role. Migration of hydroxide, likely caused by water ingression, was also observed and probably affected the conductivity of the ZnO:Al front contact. The migration of sodium and hydroxide was especially strong on the spot locations. These changes were not observed for the dry heat illumination samples. From these experiments, it was concluded that unencapsulated CIGS solar cells can degrade rapidly in the presence of humidity, but in the absence of water, these solar cells were stable even under high temperatures and illumination intensities.
[Display omitted]
•Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were exposed to either dry or damp heat with illumination.•With humidity: efficiency decreased – without humidity: efficiency was stable.•With humidity: Migration of alkali-elements led to a decrease in shunt resistance and voltage.•With humidity: ZnO:Al degradation led to aeries resistance increase.•With humidity: Occurrence of spots – without humidity: no spots. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.039 |
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The solar cells were studied before and after exposure in order to investigate their material changes. For the dry heat illumination samples, the visual characteristics remained unchanged, while for the damp heat illumination samples, spots that were likely shunted, were observed. For these solar cells, SIMS showed the migration of sodium, likely leading to changes in the shunt resistance and output voltage. A similar, but less severe migration effect was observed for potassium, so this element might also have a small, but comparable role. Migration of hydroxide, likely caused by water ingression, was also observed and probably affected the conductivity of the ZnO:Al front contact. The migration of sodium and hydroxide was especially strong on the spot locations. These changes were not observed for the dry heat illumination samples. From these experiments, it was concluded that unencapsulated CIGS solar cells can degrade rapidly in the presence of humidity, but in the absence of water, these solar cells were stable even under high temperatures and illumination intensities.
[Display omitted]
•Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were exposed to either dry or damp heat with illumination.•With humidity: efficiency decreased – without humidity: efficiency was stable.•With humidity: Migration of alkali-elements led to a decrease in shunt resistance and voltage.•With humidity: ZnO:Al degradation led to aeries resistance increase.•With humidity: Occurrence of spots – without humidity: no spots.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0927-0248</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-3398</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.039</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>CIGS solar cells ; Condensed Matter ; Copper indium gallium selenides ; Damp heat ; Degradation ; Dry heat ; Electric contacts ; Electrical resistivity ; Exposure ; Heat ; High temperature ; Humidity ; Illumination ; Materials Science ; Moisture content ; Open circuit voltage ; Photovoltaic cells ; Physics ; Potassium ; Potassium channels (voltage-gated) ; Shunt resistance ; Sodium ; Sodium channels (voltage-gated) ; Solar cells ; Spots ; Studies ; Zinc oxide ; Zinc oxides ; ZnO:Al</subject><ispartof>Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2017-07, Vol.166, p.262-268</ispartof><rights>2016 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier BV Jul 2017</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c368t-9702ca1c674eb2d326b52fc1b869b04352bde7b41d6d3b76fca281e42ef58c6a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c368t-9702ca1c674eb2d326b52fc1b869b04352bde7b41d6d3b76fca281e42ef58c6a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8423-153X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.039$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,777,781,882,3537,27905,27906,45976</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-01721008$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Theelen, Mirjam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beyeler, Kyo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steijvers, Henk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barreau, Nicolas</creatorcontrib><title>Stability of CIGS solar cells under illumination with damp heat and dry heat: A comparison</title><title>Solar energy materials and solar cells</title><description>Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were simultaneously exposed to either dry or damp heat combined illumination. In-situ monitoring of their electrical parameters demonstrated a rapid decrease of the efficiency for the solar cells exposed to damp heat plus illumination. This decrease was mainly driven by changes in the shunt resistances, affecting also the open circuit voltage and fill factor, while a minor increase in series resistance was also observed. The solar cells exposed to dry heat plus illumination were almost stable during the exposure.
The solar cells were studied before and after exposure in order to investigate their material changes. For the dry heat illumination samples, the visual characteristics remained unchanged, while for the damp heat illumination samples, spots that were likely shunted, were observed. For these solar cells, SIMS showed the migration of sodium, likely leading to changes in the shunt resistance and output voltage. A similar, but less severe migration effect was observed for potassium, so this element might also have a small, but comparable role. Migration of hydroxide, likely caused by water ingression, was also observed and probably affected the conductivity of the ZnO:Al front contact. The migration of sodium and hydroxide was especially strong on the spot locations. These changes were not observed for the dry heat illumination samples. From these experiments, it was concluded that unencapsulated CIGS solar cells can degrade rapidly in the presence of humidity, but in the absence of water, these solar cells were stable even under high temperatures and illumination intensities.
[Display omitted]
•Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were exposed to either dry or damp heat with illumination.•With humidity: efficiency decreased – without humidity: efficiency was stable.•With humidity: Migration of alkali-elements led to a decrease in shunt resistance and voltage.•With humidity: ZnO:Al degradation led to aeries resistance increase.•With humidity: Occurrence of spots – without humidity: no spots.</description><subject>CIGS solar cells</subject><subject>Condensed Matter</subject><subject>Copper indium gallium selenides</subject><subject>Damp heat</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>Dry heat</subject><subject>Electric contacts</subject><subject>Electrical resistivity</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Heat</subject><subject>High temperature</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Illumination</subject><subject>Materials Science</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Open circuit voltage</subject><subject>Photovoltaic cells</subject><subject>Physics</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Potassium channels (voltage-gated)</subject><subject>Shunt resistance</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Sodium channels (voltage-gated)</subject><subject>Solar cells</subject><subject>Spots</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Zinc oxide</subject><subject>Zinc oxides</subject><subject>ZnO:Al</subject><issn>0927-0248</issn><issn>1879-3398</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kE9LwzAYxoMoOKffwEPAk4fW_GnT1oMwhm6DgYfpxUtIk5SltE1N0sm-vZ0Vj55enpfneXjfHwC3GMUYYfZQx942rQgxGVWMSYxocQZmOM-KiNIiPwczVJAsQiTJL8GV9zVCiDCazMDHLojSNCYcoa3gcrPawbFLOCh103g4dEo7aJpmaE0ngrEd_DJhD5Voe7jXIkDRKajc8Uc8wgWUtu2FM9521-CiEo3XN79zDt5fnt-W62j7utosF9tIUpaHqMgQkQJLliW6JIoSVqakkrjMWVGihKakVDorE6yYomXGKilIjnVCdJXmkgk6B_dT7140vHemFe7IrTB8vdjy0w7hjGCE8gMevXeTt3f2c9A-8NoOrhvP47hIGSIFJnR0JZNLOuu909VfLUb8RJzXfCLOT8Q5JnwkPsaeppgevz0Y7biXRndSK-O0DFxZ83_BN2QQipY</recordid><startdate>201707</startdate><enddate>201707</enddate><creator>Theelen, Mirjam</creator><creator>Beyeler, Kyo</creator><creator>Steijvers, Henk</creator><creator>Barreau, Nicolas</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier BV</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-153X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201707</creationdate><title>Stability of CIGS solar cells under illumination with damp heat and dry heat: A comparison</title><author>Theelen, Mirjam ; Beyeler, Kyo ; Steijvers, Henk ; Barreau, Nicolas</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c368t-9702ca1c674eb2d326b52fc1b869b04352bde7b41d6d3b76fca281e42ef58c6a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>CIGS solar cells</topic><topic>Condensed Matter</topic><topic>Copper indium gallium selenides</topic><topic>Damp heat</topic><topic>Degradation</topic><topic>Dry heat</topic><topic>Electric contacts</topic><topic>Electrical resistivity</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Heat</topic><topic>High temperature</topic><topic>Humidity</topic><topic>Illumination</topic><topic>Materials Science</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Open circuit voltage</topic><topic>Photovoltaic cells</topic><topic>Physics</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Potassium channels (voltage-gated)</topic><topic>Shunt resistance</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Sodium channels (voltage-gated)</topic><topic>Solar cells</topic><topic>Spots</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Zinc oxide</topic><topic>Zinc oxides</topic><topic>ZnO:Al</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Theelen, Mirjam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beyeler, Kyo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steijvers, Henk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barreau, Nicolas</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Solar energy materials and solar cells</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Theelen, Mirjam</au><au>Beyeler, Kyo</au><au>Steijvers, Henk</au><au>Barreau, Nicolas</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Stability of CIGS solar cells under illumination with damp heat and dry heat: A comparison</atitle><jtitle>Solar energy materials and solar cells</jtitle><date>2017-07</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>166</volume><spage>262</spage><epage>268</epage><pages>262-268</pages><issn>0927-0248</issn><eissn>1879-3398</eissn><abstract>Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were simultaneously exposed to either dry or damp heat combined illumination. In-situ monitoring of their electrical parameters demonstrated a rapid decrease of the efficiency for the solar cells exposed to damp heat plus illumination. This decrease was mainly driven by changes in the shunt resistances, affecting also the open circuit voltage and fill factor, while a minor increase in series resistance was also observed. The solar cells exposed to dry heat plus illumination were almost stable during the exposure.
The solar cells were studied before and after exposure in order to investigate their material changes. For the dry heat illumination samples, the visual characteristics remained unchanged, while for the damp heat illumination samples, spots that were likely shunted, were observed. For these solar cells, SIMS showed the migration of sodium, likely leading to changes in the shunt resistance and output voltage. A similar, but less severe migration effect was observed for potassium, so this element might also have a small, but comparable role. Migration of hydroxide, likely caused by water ingression, was also observed and probably affected the conductivity of the ZnO:Al front contact. The migration of sodium and hydroxide was especially strong on the spot locations. These changes were not observed for the dry heat illumination samples. From these experiments, it was concluded that unencapsulated CIGS solar cells can degrade rapidly in the presence of humidity, but in the absence of water, these solar cells were stable even under high temperatures and illumination intensities.
[Display omitted]
•Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were exposed to either dry or damp heat with illumination.•With humidity: efficiency decreased – without humidity: efficiency was stable.•With humidity: Migration of alkali-elements led to a decrease in shunt resistance and voltage.•With humidity: ZnO:Al degradation led to aeries resistance increase.•With humidity: Occurrence of spots – without humidity: no spots.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.039</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-153X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | CIGS solar cells Condensed Matter Copper indium gallium selenides Damp heat Degradation Dry heat Electric contacts Electrical resistivity Exposure Heat High temperature Humidity Illumination Materials Science Moisture content Open circuit voltage Photovoltaic cells Physics Potassium Potassium channels (voltage-gated) Shunt resistance Sodium Sodium channels (voltage-gated) Solar cells Spots Studies Zinc oxide Zinc oxides ZnO:Al |
title | Stability of CIGS solar cells under illumination with damp heat and dry heat: A comparison |
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