A Kalman filter adapted to the estimation of mean gradients in the large-eddy simulation of unsteady turbulent flows

•A computationally-efficient method for the large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows.•Mean gradients are taken into account in the subgrid-scale viscosity.•Mean gradients are estimated by Kalman filtering as the simulation progresses.•Kalman filter adapts itself to the local turbulent rate of the fl...

Ausführliche Beschreibung