Assessment of occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in urban and rural female workers
► To evaluate occupational exposures to BTXs in female urban and rural workers. ► Exposure to BTXs is higher in female urban workers than the general population and rural workers. ► Personal exposure to benzene and toluene is similar in street and in car. ► Personal exposure to xylene is higher in s...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Chemosphere (Oxford) 2012-05, Vol.87 (7), p.813-819 |
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| creator | Ciarrocca, Manuela Tomei, Gianfranco Fiaschetti, Maria Caciari, Tiziana Cetica, Carlotta Andreozzi, Giorgia Capozzella, Assunta Schifano, Maria Pia Andre’, Jean-Claude Tomei, Francesco Sancini, Angela |
| description | ► To evaluate occupational exposures to BTXs in female urban and rural workers. ► Exposure to BTXs is higher in female urban workers than the general population and rural workers. ► Personal exposure to benzene and toluene is similar in street and in car. ► Personal exposure to xylene is higher in street than in car. ► Blood benzene is significantly higher in urban than rural workers.
This is the first research study to compare among female, non-smoker workers: (a) the exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTXs) in urban air during work in the street (traffic policewomen, TP) vs. work in vehicles (police drivers, PD); (b) the exposure to BTXs in urban environments (in street and in car) vs. rural environments (roadwomen, RW); (c) the values of blood benzene, urinary trans, trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in urban areas (in street and in car) vs. rural areas.
Passive personal samplings and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure environmental and occupational exposure to BTXs during the work shift in 48 TP, 21 PD and 22 RW. In the same study subjects, blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were measured at the end of each work shift.
Personal exposure of urban workers to benzene seemed to be higher than the exposure measured by the fixed monitoring stations. Personal exposure to benzene and toluene was (a) similar among TP and PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Personal exposure to xylenes was (a) higher in TP than in PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA levels were similar among TP and PD, although the blood benzene level was significantly higher in urban workers compared to rural workers. In urban workers, airborne benzene and blood benzene levels were significantly correlated.
Benzene is a human carcinogen, and BTXs are potential reproductive toxins at low dose exposures. Biological and environmental monitoring to assess exposure to BTXs represents a preliminary and necessary tool for the implementation of preventive measures for female subjects working in outdoor environments. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.008 |
| format | Article |
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This is the first research study to compare among female, non-smoker workers: (a) the exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTXs) in urban air during work in the street (traffic policewomen, TP) vs. work in vehicles (police drivers, PD); (b) the exposure to BTXs in urban environments (in street and in car) vs. rural environments (roadwomen, RW); (c) the values of blood benzene, urinary trans, trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in urban areas (in street and in car) vs. rural areas.
Passive personal samplings and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure environmental and occupational exposure to BTXs during the work shift in 48 TP, 21 PD and 22 RW. In the same study subjects, blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were measured at the end of each work shift.
Personal exposure of urban workers to benzene seemed to be higher than the exposure measured by the fixed monitoring stations. Personal exposure to benzene and toluene was (a) similar among TP and PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Personal exposure to xylenes was (a) higher in TP than in PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA levels were similar among TP and PD, although the blood benzene level was significantly higher in urban workers compared to rural workers. In urban workers, airborne benzene and blood benzene levels were significantly correlated.
Benzene is a human carcinogen, and BTXs are potential reproductive toxins at low dose exposures. Biological and environmental monitoring to assess exposure to BTXs represents a preliminary and necessary tool for the implementation of preventive measures for female subjects working in outdoor environments.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0045-6535</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1298</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.008</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22297198</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CMSHAF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Acetylcysteine - analogs & derivatives ; Acetylcysteine - urine ; acids ; Adult ; air ; Air Pollutants, Occupational - blood ; Air Pollutants, Occupational - urine ; Applied sciences ; Atmospheric pollution ; Benzene ; Benzene - metabolism ; Biological and medical sciences ; blood ; Cancer ; carcinogens ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; cities ; Ecology, environment ; environmental exposure ; Environmental Monitoring ; Exact sciences and technology ; exposure assessment ; Female ; Female workers ; Health ; Humans ; Indoor pollution and occupational exposure ; labor ; Leukaemia ; Life Sciences ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data ; Police ; Pollution ; Reproductive health ; rural areas ; Rural Population ; Sorbic Acid - analogs & derivatives ; Sorbic Acid - metabolism ; toluene ; Toluene - blood ; Toxicology ; toxins ; traffic ; urban areas ; Urban pollutants ; Various organic compounds ; Vehicle Emissions - analysis ; vehicles ; VOCs ; work schedules ; working conditions ; xylene ; Xylenes - blood</subject><ispartof>Chemosphere (Oxford), 2012-05, Vol.87 (7), p.813-819</ispartof><rights>2012 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2014 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-dec2eb112c8723d564071e1a4da4094f61afba0ee37bad0ae4b47df5db659c4b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-dec2eb112c8723d564071e1a4da4094f61afba0ee37bad0ae4b47df5db659c4b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351200029X$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3536,27902,27903,65308</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25767518$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297198$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-00783982$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ciarrocca, Manuela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomei, Gianfranco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fiaschetti, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caciari, Tiziana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cetica, Carlotta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andreozzi, Giorgia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Capozzella, Assunta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schifano, Maria Pia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andre’, Jean-Claude</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomei, Francesco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sancini, Angela</creatorcontrib><title>Assessment of occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in urban and rural female workers</title><title>Chemosphere (Oxford)</title><addtitle>Chemosphere</addtitle><description>► To evaluate occupational exposures to BTXs in female urban and rural workers. ► Exposure to BTXs is higher in female urban workers than the general population and rural workers. ► Personal exposure to benzene and toluene is similar in street and in car. ► Personal exposure to xylene is higher in street than in car. ► Blood benzene is significantly higher in urban than rural workers.
This is the first research study to compare among female, non-smoker workers: (a) the exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTXs) in urban air during work in the street (traffic policewomen, TP) vs. work in vehicles (police drivers, PD); (b) the exposure to BTXs in urban environments (in street and in car) vs. rural environments (roadwomen, RW); (c) the values of blood benzene, urinary trans, trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in urban areas (in street and in car) vs. rural areas.
Passive personal samplings and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure environmental and occupational exposure to BTXs during the work shift in 48 TP, 21 PD and 22 RW. In the same study subjects, blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were measured at the end of each work shift.
Personal exposure of urban workers to benzene seemed to be higher than the exposure measured by the fixed monitoring stations. Personal exposure to benzene and toluene was (a) similar among TP and PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Personal exposure to xylenes was (a) higher in TP than in PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA levels were similar among TP and PD, although the blood benzene level was significantly higher in urban workers compared to rural workers. In urban workers, airborne benzene and blood benzene levels were significantly correlated.
Benzene is a human carcinogen, and BTXs are potential reproductive toxins at low dose exposures. Biological and environmental monitoring to assess exposure to BTXs represents a preliminary and necessary tool for the implementation of preventive measures for female subjects working in outdoor environments.</description><subject>Acetylcysteine - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Acetylcysteine - urine</subject><subject>acids</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>air</subject><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - blood</subject><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - urine</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Atmospheric pollution</subject><subject>Benzene</subject><subject>Benzene - metabolism</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>blood</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>carcinogens</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>cities</subject><subject>Ecology, environment</subject><subject>environmental exposure</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>exposure assessment</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Female workers</subject><subject>Health</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Indoor pollution and occupational exposure</subject><subject>labor</subject><subject>Leukaemia</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Police</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Reproductive health</subject><subject>rural areas</subject><subject>Rural Population</subject><subject>Sorbic Acid - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Sorbic Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>toluene</subject><subject>Toluene - blood</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>toxins</subject><subject>traffic</subject><subject>urban areas</subject><subject>Urban pollutants</subject><subject>Various organic compounds</subject><subject>Vehicle Emissions - analysis</subject><subject>vehicles</subject><subject>VOCs</subject><subject>work schedules</subject><subject>working conditions</subject><subject>xylene</subject><subject>Xylenes - blood</subject><issn>0045-6535</issn><issn>1879-1298</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU1v1DAQhi0EotvCXwBz4IBEwthxvo6rFbRIK3GAnq2JPWGzJHFkb_rBr8chpXDk5NHoecbj14y9EZAKEMWHY2oONLgwHchTKkHIFEQKUD1hG1GVdSJkXT1lGwCVJ0We5WfsPIQjQJTz-jk7k1LWpairDaNtCBTCQOOJu5Y7Y-YJT50bsed0N7kwe-Inxxsaf9JI72Pdz7HgOFp-d9_HMvBu5LNvcPzd9LOPbksD9sRvnf9BPrxgz1rsA718OC_Y9aeP33ZXyf7L5efddp8YVahTYslIaoSQpiplZvNCQSlIoLKooFZtIbBtEIiyskELSKpRpW1z28RnGdVkF-zdOveAvZ58N6C_1w47fbXd66UHUFZZXckbEdl6ZY13IXhqHwUBeolZH_U_MeslZg0ijqii-2p1p7kZyD6af3KNwNsHAIPBvvU4mi785fKyKHOxcK9XrkWn8buPzPXXeJNavioTkEditxIUc7vpyOtgOhoN2c6TOWnruv9Y-Bd2yKxp</recordid><startdate>20120501</startdate><enddate>20120501</enddate><creator>Ciarrocca, Manuela</creator><creator>Tomei, Gianfranco</creator><creator>Fiaschetti, Maria</creator><creator>Caciari, Tiziana</creator><creator>Cetica, Carlotta</creator><creator>Andreozzi, Giorgia</creator><creator>Capozzella, Assunta</creator><creator>Schifano, Maria Pia</creator><creator>Andre’, Jean-Claude</creator><creator>Tomei, Francesco</creator><creator>Sancini, Angela</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>1XC</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120501</creationdate><title>Assessment of occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in urban and rural female workers</title><author>Ciarrocca, Manuela ; Tomei, Gianfranco ; Fiaschetti, Maria ; Caciari, Tiziana ; Cetica, Carlotta ; Andreozzi, Giorgia ; Capozzella, Assunta ; Schifano, Maria Pia ; Andre’, Jean-Claude ; Tomei, Francesco ; Sancini, Angela</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c464t-dec2eb112c8723d564071e1a4da4094f61afba0ee37bad0ae4b47df5db659c4b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Acetylcysteine - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Acetylcysteine - urine</topic><topic>acids</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>air</topic><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - blood</topic><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - urine</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Atmospheric pollution</topic><topic>Benzene</topic><topic>Benzene - metabolism</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>blood</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>carcinogens</topic><topic>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>cities</topic><topic>Ecology, environment</topic><topic>environmental exposure</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>exposure assessment</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Female workers</topic><topic>Health</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Indoor pollution and occupational exposure</topic><topic>labor</topic><topic>Leukaemia</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Police</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Reproductive health</topic><topic>rural areas</topic><topic>Rural Population</topic><topic>Sorbic Acid - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Sorbic Acid - metabolism</topic><topic>toluene</topic><topic>Toluene - blood</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>toxins</topic><topic>traffic</topic><topic>urban areas</topic><topic>Urban pollutants</topic><topic>Various organic compounds</topic><topic>Vehicle Emissions - analysis</topic><topic>vehicles</topic><topic>VOCs</topic><topic>work schedules</topic><topic>working conditions</topic><topic>xylene</topic><topic>Xylenes - blood</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ciarrocca, Manuela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomei, Gianfranco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fiaschetti, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caciari, Tiziana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cetica, Carlotta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andreozzi, Giorgia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Capozzella, Assunta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schifano, Maria Pia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andre’, Jean-Claude</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomei, Francesco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sancini, Angela</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ciarrocca, Manuela</au><au>Tomei, Gianfranco</au><au>Fiaschetti, Maria</au><au>Caciari, Tiziana</au><au>Cetica, Carlotta</au><au>Andreozzi, Giorgia</au><au>Capozzella, Assunta</au><au>Schifano, Maria Pia</au><au>Andre’, Jean-Claude</au><au>Tomei, Francesco</au><au>Sancini, Angela</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Assessment of occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in urban and rural female workers</atitle><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Chemosphere</addtitle><date>2012-05-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>87</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>813</spage><epage>819</epage><pages>813-819</pages><issn>0045-6535</issn><eissn>1879-1298</eissn><coden>CMSHAF</coden><abstract>► To evaluate occupational exposures to BTXs in female urban and rural workers. ► Exposure to BTXs is higher in female urban workers than the general population and rural workers. ► Personal exposure to benzene and toluene is similar in street and in car. ► Personal exposure to xylene is higher in street than in car. ► Blood benzene is significantly higher in urban than rural workers.
This is the first research study to compare among female, non-smoker workers: (a) the exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTXs) in urban air during work in the street (traffic policewomen, TP) vs. work in vehicles (police drivers, PD); (b) the exposure to BTXs in urban environments (in street and in car) vs. rural environments (roadwomen, RW); (c) the values of blood benzene, urinary trans, trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in urban areas (in street and in car) vs. rural areas.
Passive personal samplings and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure environmental and occupational exposure to BTXs during the work shift in 48 TP, 21 PD and 22 RW. In the same study subjects, blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were measured at the end of each work shift.
Personal exposure of urban workers to benzene seemed to be higher than the exposure measured by the fixed monitoring stations. Personal exposure to benzene and toluene was (a) similar among TP and PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Personal exposure to xylenes was (a) higher in TP than in PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA levels were similar among TP and PD, although the blood benzene level was significantly higher in urban workers compared to rural workers. In urban workers, airborne benzene and blood benzene levels were significantly correlated.
Benzene is a human carcinogen, and BTXs are potential reproductive toxins at low dose exposures. Biological and environmental monitoring to assess exposure to BTXs represents a preliminary and necessary tool for the implementation of preventive measures for female subjects working in outdoor environments.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>22297198</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.008</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Chemosphere (Oxford), 2012-05, Vol.87 (7), p.813-819 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Acetylcysteine - analogs & derivatives Acetylcysteine - urine acids Adult air Air Pollutants, Occupational - blood Air Pollutants, Occupational - urine Applied sciences Atmospheric pollution Benzene Benzene - metabolism Biological and medical sciences blood Cancer carcinogens Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases cities Ecology, environment environmental exposure Environmental Monitoring Exact sciences and technology exposure assessment Female Female workers Health Humans Indoor pollution and occupational exposure labor Leukaemia Life Sciences Medical sciences Middle Aged Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data Police Pollution Reproductive health rural areas Rural Population Sorbic Acid - analogs & derivatives Sorbic Acid - metabolism toluene Toluene - blood Toxicology toxins traffic urban areas Urban pollutants Various organic compounds Vehicle Emissions - analysis vehicles VOCs work schedules working conditions xylene Xylenes - blood |
| title | Assessment of occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in urban and rural female workers |
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