Parentage analysis and outcrossing patterns in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) farms in Cameroon
The present study investigates the parentage of farm accessions in Cameroon using data from 12 microsatellite loci. Bayesian analysis suggests that 25.5% of the 400 farm accessions studied is still closely related to the traditional Amelonado variety called 'German Cocoa' by the farmers. A...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Heredity 2009-07, Vol.103 (1), p.46-53 |
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| creator | Efombagn, M.I.B Sounigo, O Eskes, A.B Motamayor, J.C Manzanares-Dauleux, M.J Schnell, R Nyasse, S |
| description | The present study investigates the parentage of farm accessions in Cameroon using data from 12 microsatellite loci. Bayesian analysis suggests that 25.5% of the 400 farm accessions studied is still closely related to the traditional Amelonado variety called 'German Cocoa' by the farmers. Another 46.3% of the farm accessions were found to be direct descendants (20.8% first-generation (F1) hybrids and 25.5% selfed genotypes) from 24 parental clones used in biclonal seed gardens (BSGs) established in the 1970s in southern and western Cameroon. Furthermore, 28.3% of farm accessions appeared to descent from uncontrolled pollination events in cacao farms, which could be related to a common practice of cacao growers to use seeds collected in their own farm for new plantings. All farm accessions descending from BSG could be individually related through parentage analysis to the 24 progenitors of the BSG. Only 25% of progenies distributed from BSG corresponded to F1 hybrids combinations originally planned to be released. Significant biparental inbreeding estimates were observed for all 'traditional' farms and for most 'F1 hybrids' farms due to presence of a high proportion of selfed accessions. Biparental inbreeding occurs when plants receive pollen from genetically related neighbors. High levels of outcrossing observed in 'mixed' farms might be explained by the admixture of traditional varieties and BSG progenies. The implications of our finding for management of seed gardens and for further breeding using farm accessions in Cameroon are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/hdy.2009.30 |
| format | Article |
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Bayesian analysis suggests that 25.5% of the 400 farm accessions studied is still closely related to the traditional Amelonado variety called 'German Cocoa' by the farmers. Another 46.3% of the farm accessions were found to be direct descendants (20.8% first-generation (F1) hybrids and 25.5% selfed genotypes) from 24 parental clones used in biclonal seed gardens (BSGs) established in the 1970s in southern and western Cameroon. Furthermore, 28.3% of farm accessions appeared to descent from uncontrolled pollination events in cacao farms, which could be related to a common practice of cacao growers to use seeds collected in their own farm for new plantings. All farm accessions descending from BSG could be individually related through parentage analysis to the 24 progenitors of the BSG. Only 25% of progenies distributed from BSG corresponded to F1 hybrids combinations originally planned to be released. Significant biparental inbreeding estimates were observed for all 'traditional' farms and for most 'F1 hybrids' farms due to presence of a high proportion of selfed accessions. Biparental inbreeding occurs when plants receive pollen from genetically related neighbors. High levels of outcrossing observed in 'mixed' farms might be explained by the admixture of traditional varieties and BSG progenies. The implications of our finding for management of seed gardens and for further breeding using farm accessions in Cameroon are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0018-067X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2540</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 0018-067X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.30</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19337305</identifier><identifier>CODEN: HDTYAT</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Bayesian analysis ; biclonal seed gardens ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Cacao ; Cacao - genetics ; Cacao - physiology ; Cameroon ; Cocoa ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cytogenetics ; Ecology ; Evolutionary Biology ; farm accessions ; Farmers ; Farms ; Gardens & gardening ; genetic markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Genotype & phenotype ; Genotypes ; germplasm ; Human Genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Hybrids ; Inbreeding ; Life Sciences ; loci ; Microsatellite Repeats ; original-article ; outcrossing ; parentage ; Plant breeding ; plant genetic resources ; Plant Genetics and Genomics ; Pollen ; Pollination ; Population genetics ; Seeds ; Theobroma cacao ; Vegetal Biology</subject><ispartof>Heredity, 2009-07, Vol.103 (1), p.46-53</ispartof><rights>The Genetics Society 2009</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 2009</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c477t-8002a673f4c9485ea782c4d5ebdd3f147f86d9750e8dc55179a9b6305482faf23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c477t-8002a673f4c9485ea782c4d5ebdd3f147f86d9750e8dc55179a9b6305482faf23</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6452-0393</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/hdy.2009.30$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/hdy.2009.30$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19337305$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://institut-agro-rennes-angers.hal.science/hal-00730038$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Efombagn, M.I.B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sounigo, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eskes, A.B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Motamayor, J.C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manzanares-Dauleux, M.J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schnell, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nyasse, S</creatorcontrib><title>Parentage analysis and outcrossing patterns in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) farms in Cameroon</title><title>Heredity</title><addtitle>Heredity</addtitle><addtitle>Heredity (Edinb)</addtitle><description>The present study investigates the parentage of farm accessions in Cameroon using data from 12 microsatellite loci. Bayesian analysis suggests that 25.5% of the 400 farm accessions studied is still closely related to the traditional Amelonado variety called 'German Cocoa' by the farmers. Another 46.3% of the farm accessions were found to be direct descendants (20.8% first-generation (F1) hybrids and 25.5% selfed genotypes) from 24 parental clones used in biclonal seed gardens (BSGs) established in the 1970s in southern and western Cameroon. Furthermore, 28.3% of farm accessions appeared to descent from uncontrolled pollination events in cacao farms, which could be related to a common practice of cacao growers to use seeds collected in their own farm for new plantings. All farm accessions descending from BSG could be individually related through parentage analysis to the 24 progenitors of the BSG. Only 25% of progenies distributed from BSG corresponded to F1 hybrids combinations originally planned to be released. Significant biparental inbreeding estimates were observed for all 'traditional' farms and for most 'F1 hybrids' farms due to presence of a high proportion of selfed accessions. Biparental inbreeding occurs when plants receive pollen from genetically related neighbors. High levels of outcrossing observed in 'mixed' farms might be explained by the admixture of traditional varieties and BSG progenies. The implications of our finding for management of seed gardens and for further breeding using farm accessions in Cameroon are discussed.</description><subject>Bayesian analysis</subject><subject>biclonal seed gardens</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Cacao</subject><subject>Cacao - genetics</subject><subject>Cacao - physiology</subject><subject>Cameroon</subject><subject>Cocoa</subject><subject>Crosses, Genetic</subject><subject>Cytogenetics</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject><subject>farm accessions</subject><subject>Farmers</subject><subject>Farms</subject><subject>Gardens & gardening</subject><subject>genetic markers</subject><subject>Genetic Variation</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Genotype & phenotype</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>germplasm</subject><subject>Human Genetics</subject><subject>Hybridization, Genetic</subject><subject>Hybrids</subject><subject>Inbreeding</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>loci</subject><subject>Microsatellite Repeats</subject><subject>original-article</subject><subject>outcrossing</subject><subject>parentage</subject><subject>Plant breeding</subject><subject>plant genetic resources</subject><subject>Plant Genetics and Genomics</subject><subject>Pollen</subject><subject>Pollination</subject><subject>Population genetics</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Theobroma cacao</subject><subject>Vegetal Biology</subject><issn>0018-067X</issn><issn>1365-2540</issn><issn>0018-067X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkd1rFDEUxYModrv65LsOPohFZ735mEnyWBZrCwsKtiD4EO7OJLtTZiZrMiPsf99sZ2mhCD4l3Pw4OfccQt5QWFDg6su23i8YgF5weEZmlJdFzgoBz8kMgKocSvnrhJzGeAsAXDL9kpxQzbnkUMzI7x8YbD_gxmbYY7uPTUyXOvPjUAUfY9Nvsh0Ogw19zJo-q7BCn3283lq_Dr7D42C1OMschu6eWWJng_f9K_LCYRvt6-M5JzcXX6-Xl_nq-7er5fkqr4SUQ64AGJaSO1FpoQqLUrFK1IVd1zV3VEinylrLAqyqq6KgUqNel8m9UMyhY3xOzibdLbZmF5oOw954bMzl-cocZgBp2RTVX5rYDxO7C_7PaONguiZWtm2xt36MJvnQTGj2X5CBFkIl4Tl5_wS89WNIWSaGaa2B8TJBnyboPtRg3YNPCubQokktmkOLhkOi3x4lx3Vn60f2WFsCPk9ATE_9xobHP_-t927CHXqDm9BEc_OTAeVAy0IwSfkdRz2tQQ</recordid><startdate>20090701</startdate><enddate>20090701</enddate><creator>Efombagn, M.I.B</creator><creator>Sounigo, O</creator><creator>Eskes, A.B</creator><creator>Motamayor, J.C</creator><creator>Manzanares-Dauleux, M.J</creator><creator>Schnell, R</creator><creator>Nyasse, S</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-0393</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20090701</creationdate><title>Parentage analysis and outcrossing patterns in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) farms in Cameroon</title><author>Efombagn, M.I.B ; Sounigo, O ; Eskes, A.B ; Motamayor, J.C ; Manzanares-Dauleux, M.J ; Schnell, R ; Nyasse, S</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c477t-8002a673f4c9485ea782c4d5ebdd3f147f86d9750e8dc55179a9b6305482faf23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Bayesian analysis</topic><topic>biclonal seed gardens</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Cacao</topic><topic>Cacao - genetics</topic><topic>Cacao - physiology</topic><topic>Cameroon</topic><topic>Cocoa</topic><topic>Crosses, Genetic</topic><topic>Cytogenetics</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Evolutionary Biology</topic><topic>farm accessions</topic><topic>Farmers</topic><topic>Farms</topic><topic>Gardens & gardening</topic><topic>genetic markers</topic><topic>Genetic Variation</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Genotype & phenotype</topic><topic>Genotypes</topic><topic>germplasm</topic><topic>Human Genetics</topic><topic>Hybridization, Genetic</topic><topic>Hybrids</topic><topic>Inbreeding</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>loci</topic><topic>Microsatellite Repeats</topic><topic>original-article</topic><topic>outcrossing</topic><topic>parentage</topic><topic>Plant breeding</topic><topic>plant genetic resources</topic><topic>Plant Genetics and Genomics</topic><topic>Pollen</topic><topic>Pollination</topic><topic>Population genetics</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Theobroma cacao</topic><topic>Vegetal Biology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Efombagn, M.I.B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sounigo, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eskes, A.B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Motamayor, J.C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manzanares-Dauleux, M.J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schnell, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nyasse, S</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Heredity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Efombagn, M.I.B</au><au>Sounigo, O</au><au>Eskes, A.B</au><au>Motamayor, J.C</au><au>Manzanares-Dauleux, M.J</au><au>Schnell, R</au><au>Nyasse, S</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Parentage analysis and outcrossing patterns in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) farms in Cameroon</atitle><jtitle>Heredity</jtitle><stitle>Heredity</stitle><addtitle>Heredity (Edinb)</addtitle><date>2009-07-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>103</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>46</spage><epage>53</epage><pages>46-53</pages><issn>0018-067X</issn><eissn>1365-2540</eissn><eissn>0018-067X</eissn><coden>HDTYAT</coden><abstract>The present study investigates the parentage of farm accessions in Cameroon using data from 12 microsatellite loci. Bayesian analysis suggests that 25.5% of the 400 farm accessions studied is still closely related to the traditional Amelonado variety called 'German Cocoa' by the farmers. Another 46.3% of the farm accessions were found to be direct descendants (20.8% first-generation (F1) hybrids and 25.5% selfed genotypes) from 24 parental clones used in biclonal seed gardens (BSGs) established in the 1970s in southern and western Cameroon. Furthermore, 28.3% of farm accessions appeared to descent from uncontrolled pollination events in cacao farms, which could be related to a common practice of cacao growers to use seeds collected in their own farm for new plantings. All farm accessions descending from BSG could be individually related through parentage analysis to the 24 progenitors of the BSG. Only 25% of progenies distributed from BSG corresponded to F1 hybrids combinations originally planned to be released. Significant biparental inbreeding estimates were observed for all 'traditional' farms and for most 'F1 hybrids' farms due to presence of a high proportion of selfed accessions. Biparental inbreeding occurs when plants receive pollen from genetically related neighbors. High levels of outcrossing observed in 'mixed' farms might be explained by the admixture of traditional varieties and BSG progenies. The implications of our finding for management of seed gardens and for further breeding using farm accessions in Cameroon are discussed.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>19337305</pmid><doi>10.1038/hdy.2009.30</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-0393</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Nature; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Bayesian analysis biclonal seed gardens Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Cacao Cacao - genetics Cacao - physiology Cameroon Cocoa Crosses, Genetic Cytogenetics Ecology Evolutionary Biology farm accessions Farmers Farms Gardens & gardening genetic markers Genetic Variation Genotype Genotype & phenotype Genotypes germplasm Human Genetics Hybridization, Genetic Hybrids Inbreeding Life Sciences loci Microsatellite Repeats original-article outcrossing parentage Plant breeding plant genetic resources Plant Genetics and Genomics Pollen Pollination Population genetics Seeds Theobroma cacao Vegetal Biology |
| title | Parentage analysis and outcrossing patterns in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) farms in Cameroon |
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