Examination of Psychological Symptoms in Adults Related to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Cognitive Fusion, Experiential Avoidance, and Perceived Social Support/Yetiskinlerde Psikolojik Belirtilerin Cocukluk Cagi Olumsuz Yasantilari, Bilissel Birlesme, Yasantisal Kacinma ve Algilanan Sosyal Destek Acisindan Degerlendirilmesi
This study determines the relationships between psychological symptoms in adults and adverse childhood experiences, cognitive engagement, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support. Moreover, this study elucidates whether psychological symptoms differ according to demographic variables suc...
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| description | This study determines the relationships between psychological symptoms in adults and adverse childhood experiences, cognitive engagement, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support. Moreover, this study elucidates whether psychological symptoms differ according to demographic variables such as age, gender, and education level. Participants included adults aged 18-65 years. Data were collected using brief symptom inventory, childhood trauma questionnaire short form, cognitive fusion questionnaire, acceptance and action questionnaire, and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Results of the analysis indicated that adverse childhood experiences, cognitive fusion, and perceived social support predict psychological symptoms in adults. Moreover, depression, anxiety, negative self, and hostility symptoms were found to be higher among participants aged 18-24 years compared with those in the 25-40 and 41-65 years age groups. This study will contribute to understanding the nature of psychological symptoms and identify the intervention areas of psychotherapies. For instance, cognitive fusion, which is one of the intervention areas of acceptance and commitment therapy--one of the third wave psychotherapy approaches--and cognitive defusion techniques may play an important role for treating psychological symptoms. Moreover, the findings indicate the need for psychological support, especially among young people. Keywords: Perceived social support, cognitive fusion, adverse childhood experiences, psychological symptoms, experiential avoidance. Bu calismanin temel amaci, yetiskinlerde gorulen psikolojik belirtiler ile cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilari, bilissel birlesme, yasantisal kacinma ve algilanan sosyal destek arasindaki iliskileri belirlemektir. Psikolojik belirtilerin yas, cinsiyet ve egitim duzeyi gibi demografik degiskenlere gore farklilasip farklilasmadigini incelemek de calismanin diger amacidir. Arastirmanin orneklemi 18-65 yas araligindaki yetiskinlerden olusmaktadir. Veri toplama araci olarak, Kisa Semptom Envanteri, Cocukluk Donemi Orselenme Yasantilari Olcegi Kisa Formu, Bilissel Birlesme Olcegi, Kabul ve Eylem Formu II ve Cok Boyutlu Algilanan Sosyal Destek Olcegi kullanilmistirkul-lanildi. Yapilan analizler, cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilarinin, bilissel birlesmenin ve sosyal destegin psikolojik belirtileri yordadigini gostermektedir. Buna ek olarak, 18-24 yas araligindaki katilimcilarda depresyon, kaygi, olumsuz benlik ve hostili |
| doi_str_mv | 10.5455/JCBPR.167093 |
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Moreover, this study elucidates whether psychological symptoms differ according to demographic variables such as age, gender, and education level. Participants included adults aged 18-65 years. Data were collected using brief symptom inventory, childhood trauma questionnaire short form, cognitive fusion questionnaire, acceptance and action questionnaire, and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Results of the analysis indicated that adverse childhood experiences, cognitive fusion, and perceived social support predict psychological symptoms in adults. Moreover, depression, anxiety, negative self, and hostility symptoms were found to be higher among participants aged 18-24 years compared with those in the 25-40 and 41-65 years age groups. This study will contribute to understanding the nature of psychological symptoms and identify the intervention areas of psychotherapies. For instance, cognitive fusion, which is one of the intervention areas of acceptance and commitment therapy--one of the third wave psychotherapy approaches--and cognitive defusion techniques may play an important role for treating psychological symptoms. Moreover, the findings indicate the need for psychological support, especially among young people. Keywords: Perceived social support, cognitive fusion, adverse childhood experiences, psychological symptoms, experiential avoidance. Bu calismanin temel amaci, yetiskinlerde gorulen psikolojik belirtiler ile cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilari, bilissel birlesme, yasantisal kacinma ve algilanan sosyal destek arasindaki iliskileri belirlemektir. Psikolojik belirtilerin yas, cinsiyet ve egitim duzeyi gibi demografik degiskenlere gore farklilasip farklilasmadigini incelemek de calismanin diger amacidir. Arastirmanin orneklemi 18-65 yas araligindaki yetiskinlerden olusmaktadir. Veri toplama araci olarak, Kisa Semptom Envanteri, Cocukluk Donemi Orselenme Yasantilari Olcegi Kisa Formu, Bilissel Birlesme Olcegi, Kabul ve Eylem Formu II ve Cok Boyutlu Algilanan Sosyal Destek Olcegi kullanilmistirkul-lanildi. Yapilan analizler, cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilarinin, bilissel birlesmenin ve sosyal destegin psikolojik belirtileri yordadigini gostermektedir. Buna ek olarak, 18-24 yas araligindaki katilimcilarda depresyon, kaygi, olumsuz benlik ve hostilite belirtileri 25-40 yas ve 41-65 yas grubundaki katilimcilara gore daha yuksek bulundu. Bu calismanin psikolojik belirtilerin dogasini anlamaya ve psikoterapilerin mudahale alanlarini belirlemeye katki saglayacagi dusunuldu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Algilanan sosyal destek, Bilissel birlesme, Cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilari, Psikolojik belirtiler, Yasantisal kacinma. EXTENDED ENGLISH ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization reported that mental health is a state of well-being in which each individual realizes his or her own potential, copes with the usual stresses of life efficiently, works productively, and contributes to society in terms of community and socio-economical development. Previous studies have shown that mental disorders are associated with various sociodemographic characteristics including being a woman, low education level, and lack of social security (Devrimci-Ozguven & Sayil, 1999; Donmez et al., 2000; Gulec-Oyekcin, 2008). Furthermore, the relationship between mental health and numerous psychological variables has been previously examined. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are one of these variables. The results of the systematic review and meta-analysis show that ACEs, especially sexual and physical abuse and harsh and hostile parenting, are associated with depression, anxiety, other internalizing disorders, and increased suicidality (Sahle et al., 2021). Besides sociodemographic characteristics and ACE, various variables are related to mental disorders. Based on acceptance and commitment therapy, which is among the cognitive behavioral therapies, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are two basic processes that contribute to occurrence and continuation of psychological disorders (Ramnero & Torneke, 2017). Cognitive fusion refers to seeing inner experiences including thoughts, images, memories, or hallucinations as absolute reality and allowing them to direct their behavior in a rigid way (Nalbant & Yavuz, 2019). Experiential avoidance is an attempt to reduce or control all the emotions, thoughts, and memories that disturb oneself (Ramnero & Torneke, 2017). Numerous studies have explored cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance along with various psychological symptoms. For example, a study conducted with adults found that both cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are statistically significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and posttraumatic stress. Additionally, there is an interaction effect. The increase in experiential avoidance strengthened the relationship between cognitive fusion and psychological distress (Bardeen & Fergus, 2016). Understanding mental health and psychological disorders necessitates a multiangle perspective that includes the context in which the person lives. Therefore, perceived social support, which is a protective effect against mental disorders (Cheong et al., 2017; Ruh et al., 2015), was included in the scope of the current study. Based on the previous findings, ACEs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support are variables that are closely related to mental health. However, no other study in the literature investigated these variables together. The objective of the present study is to determine the relationships between psychological symptoms and ACEs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support. Furthermore, another aim of the study is to examine whether psychological symptoms differ based on demographic variables such as age and gender. The sample of the study comprises 303 adults between the ages of 18-65 years; 73% (221) of the participants are graduates of high school or higher, and 27% (82) are primary or high school graduates. Seventy-seven participants (25%) are between the ages of 18-24 years, 142 (47%) are between the ages of 25-40 years, and 84 (28%) are between the ages of 41-65 years. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were employed as data collection instruments. Incorrect data entries and extreme values were not included in the analysis. The SPSS-25 package program was utilized for the analysis. Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Pearson Correlation, and Stepwise Hierarchical Regression Analysis were conducted. Based on the results, the anxiety, depression, negative self, and hostility scores of the participants aged 18-24 were significantly higher than the participants aged 25-40 and 41-65 years; only somatization scores are significantly higher in both the 18-24 and 41-65 age group than 25-40 age group. Significant relationships were found between the BSI total score and other variables of the study, including demographic variables, and the correlation coefficients were observed to vary between -0.41 (p<0.01) and.65 (p<0.01). Because of the high correlation coefficient between experiential avoidance and fusion, experiential avoidance variable was not included in the stepwise hierarchical regression equation in the next analysis. The results of the stepwise hierarchical regression showed that age, education, emotional abuse, physical neglect, cognitive fusion, and perceived family support were statistically significant predictors of psychological symptoms. The established regression model explained 50% of the total variance. The highest values belong to the "cognitive fusion" ([beta]=0.57) variable. The results were discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature. Epidemiological studies showed that psychological disorders often begin between the ages of 15 and 20 years; in other words, the probability of experiencing a psychological disorder in the young population appears to be higher than in other periods of life (Fiestas and Piazza, 2014; Cia et al., 2018). Considering whether BSI scores differ based on gender, inconsistent findings are standing out in the literature. The inconsistency in findings were believed to be due to the differences in sample characteristics of the studies. The findings on the relationship between psychological symptoms and childhood traumatic experiences support previous findings (Faustino et al., 2023; Heidinger & Willson, 2019; Fontanil Gomez et al., 2021; Morgan et al., 2021; Kaloeti et al., 2019. Based on the relational framework theory, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are two of the basic processes that constitute psychological rigidity (Hayes et al., 2006). Based on the theoretical background, the current findings show that cognitive fusion alone explains 29% of the variance in psychological symptoms. In the final step, perceived social support entered the regression model. Although the findings of the current study support previous studies, when the sources of perceived social support are examined, only the perceived social support received from the family took place in the model, and the support received from friends and private individuals did not enter the model. In the literature, studies on the source of social support have obtained complicated results (Barger & Cribbet, 2016; Pierce & Quiroz, 2019; Rey et al., 2019). Studies in which various social support sources are examined along with larger samples are required. In conclusion, cognitive fusion is a prominent variable for widening the current understanding in terms of psychological symptoms and other rela]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 2146-9490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.5455/JCBPR.167093</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>KARE Publishing</publisher><subject>Care and treatment ; Cognitive therapy ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; Health aspects ; Patient outcomes ; Psychic trauma in children ; Psychological aspects ; Psychological manifestations of general diseases ; Social networks</subject><ispartof>Journal of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and research, 2024-07, Vol.13 (2), p.122</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 KARE Publishing</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cakici, Hatice Betul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Batigun, Aysegul Durak</creatorcontrib><title>Examination of Psychological Symptoms in Adults Related to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Cognitive Fusion, Experiential Avoidance, and Perceived Social Support/Yetiskinlerde Psikolojik Belirtilerin Cocukluk Cagi Olumsuz Yasantilari, Bilissel Birlesme, Yasantisal Kacinma ve Algilanan Sosyal Destek Acisindan Degerlendirilmesi</title><title>Journal of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and research</title><description><![CDATA[This study determines the relationships between psychological symptoms in adults and adverse childhood experiences, cognitive engagement, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support. Moreover, this study elucidates whether psychological symptoms differ according to demographic variables such as age, gender, and education level. Participants included adults aged 18-65 years. Data were collected using brief symptom inventory, childhood trauma questionnaire short form, cognitive fusion questionnaire, acceptance and action questionnaire, and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Results of the analysis indicated that adverse childhood experiences, cognitive fusion, and perceived social support predict psychological symptoms in adults. Moreover, depression, anxiety, negative self, and hostility symptoms were found to be higher among participants aged 18-24 years compared with those in the 25-40 and 41-65 years age groups. This study will contribute to understanding the nature of psychological symptoms and identify the intervention areas of psychotherapies. For instance, cognitive fusion, which is one of the intervention areas of acceptance and commitment therapy--one of the third wave psychotherapy approaches--and cognitive defusion techniques may play an important role for treating psychological symptoms. Moreover, the findings indicate the need for psychological support, especially among young people. Keywords: Perceived social support, cognitive fusion, adverse childhood experiences, psychological symptoms, experiential avoidance. Bu calismanin temel amaci, yetiskinlerde gorulen psikolojik belirtiler ile cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilari, bilissel birlesme, yasantisal kacinma ve algilanan sosyal destek arasindaki iliskileri belirlemektir. Psikolojik belirtilerin yas, cinsiyet ve egitim duzeyi gibi demografik degiskenlere gore farklilasip farklilasmadigini incelemek de calismanin diger amacidir. Arastirmanin orneklemi 18-65 yas araligindaki yetiskinlerden olusmaktadir. Veri toplama araci olarak, Kisa Semptom Envanteri, Cocukluk Donemi Orselenme Yasantilari Olcegi Kisa Formu, Bilissel Birlesme Olcegi, Kabul ve Eylem Formu II ve Cok Boyutlu Algilanan Sosyal Destek Olcegi kullanilmistirkul-lanildi. Yapilan analizler, cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilarinin, bilissel birlesmenin ve sosyal destegin psikolojik belirtileri yordadigini gostermektedir. Buna ek olarak, 18-24 yas araligindaki katilimcilarda depresyon, kaygi, olumsuz benlik ve hostilite belirtileri 25-40 yas ve 41-65 yas grubundaki katilimcilara gore daha yuksek bulundu. Bu calismanin psikolojik belirtilerin dogasini anlamaya ve psikoterapilerin mudahale alanlarini belirlemeye katki saglayacagi dusunuldu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Algilanan sosyal destek, Bilissel birlesme, Cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilari, Psikolojik belirtiler, Yasantisal kacinma. EXTENDED ENGLISH ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization reported that mental health is a state of well-being in which each individual realizes his or her own potential, copes with the usual stresses of life efficiently, works productively, and contributes to society in terms of community and socio-economical development. Previous studies have shown that mental disorders are associated with various sociodemographic characteristics including being a woman, low education level, and lack of social security (Devrimci-Ozguven & Sayil, 1999; Donmez et al., 2000; Gulec-Oyekcin, 2008). Furthermore, the relationship between mental health and numerous psychological variables has been previously examined. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are one of these variables. The results of the systematic review and meta-analysis show that ACEs, especially sexual and physical abuse and harsh and hostile parenting, are associated with depression, anxiety, other internalizing disorders, and increased suicidality (Sahle et al., 2021). Besides sociodemographic characteristics and ACE, various variables are related to mental disorders. Based on acceptance and commitment therapy, which is among the cognitive behavioral therapies, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are two basic processes that contribute to occurrence and continuation of psychological disorders (Ramnero & Torneke, 2017). Cognitive fusion refers to seeing inner experiences including thoughts, images, memories, or hallucinations as absolute reality and allowing them to direct their behavior in a rigid way (Nalbant & Yavuz, 2019). Experiential avoidance is an attempt to reduce or control all the emotions, thoughts, and memories that disturb oneself (Ramnero & Torneke, 2017). Numerous studies have explored cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance along with various psychological symptoms. For example, a study conducted with adults found that both cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are statistically significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and posttraumatic stress. Additionally, there is an interaction effect. The increase in experiential avoidance strengthened the relationship between cognitive fusion and psychological distress (Bardeen & Fergus, 2016). Understanding mental health and psychological disorders necessitates a multiangle perspective that includes the context in which the person lives. Therefore, perceived social support, which is a protective effect against mental disorders (Cheong et al., 2017; Ruh et al., 2015), was included in the scope of the current study. Based on the previous findings, ACEs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support are variables that are closely related to mental health. However, no other study in the literature investigated these variables together. The objective of the present study is to determine the relationships between psychological symptoms and ACEs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support. Furthermore, another aim of the study is to examine whether psychological symptoms differ based on demographic variables such as age and gender. The sample of the study comprises 303 adults between the ages of 18-65 years; 73% (221) of the participants are graduates of high school or higher, and 27% (82) are primary or high school graduates. Seventy-seven participants (25%) are between the ages of 18-24 years, 142 (47%) are between the ages of 25-40 years, and 84 (28%) are between the ages of 41-65 years. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were employed as data collection instruments. Incorrect data entries and extreme values were not included in the analysis. The SPSS-25 package program was utilized for the analysis. Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Pearson Correlation, and Stepwise Hierarchical Regression Analysis were conducted. Based on the results, the anxiety, depression, negative self, and hostility scores of the participants aged 18-24 were significantly higher than the participants aged 25-40 and 41-65 years; only somatization scores are significantly higher in both the 18-24 and 41-65 age group than 25-40 age group. Significant relationships were found between the BSI total score and other variables of the study, including demographic variables, and the correlation coefficients were observed to vary between -0.41 (p<0.01) and.65 (p<0.01). Because of the high correlation coefficient between experiential avoidance and fusion, experiential avoidance variable was not included in the stepwise hierarchical regression equation in the next analysis. The results of the stepwise hierarchical regression showed that age, education, emotional abuse, physical neglect, cognitive fusion, and perceived family support were statistically significant predictors of psychological symptoms. The established regression model explained 50% of the total variance. The highest values belong to the "cognitive fusion" ([beta]=0.57) variable. The results were discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature. Epidemiological studies showed that psychological disorders often begin between the ages of 15 and 20 years; in other words, the probability of experiencing a psychological disorder in the young population appears to be higher than in other periods of life (Fiestas and Piazza, 2014; Cia et al., 2018). Considering whether BSI scores differ based on gender, inconsistent findings are standing out in the literature. The inconsistency in findings were believed to be due to the differences in sample characteristics of the studies. The findings on the relationship between psychological symptoms and childhood traumatic experiences support previous findings (Faustino et al., 2023; Heidinger & Willson, 2019; Fontanil Gomez et al., 2021; Morgan et al., 2021; Kaloeti et al., 2019. Based on the relational framework theory, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are two of the basic processes that constitute psychological rigidity (Hayes et al., 2006). Based on the theoretical background, the current findings show that cognitive fusion alone explains 29% of the variance in psychological symptoms. In the final step, perceived social support entered the regression model. Although the findings of the current study support previous studies, when the sources of perceived social support are examined, only the perceived social support received from the family took place in the model, and the support received from friends and private individuals did not enter the model. In the literature, studies on the source of social support have obtained complicated results (Barger & Cribbet, 2016; Pierce & Quiroz, 2019; Rey et al., 2019). Studies in which various social support sources are examined along with larger samples are required. In conclusion, cognitive fusion is a prominent variable for widening the current understanding in terms of psychological symptoms and other rela]]></description><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Cognitive therapy</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Patient outcomes</subject><subject>Psychic trauma in children</subject><subject>Psychological aspects</subject><subject>Psychological manifestations of general diseases</subject><subject>Social networks</subject><issn>2146-9490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid/><recordid>eNptUk1rGzEU3EILDWlu_QGCQk-2s98fx_XWbpsGYuJccgqy9Hb9slrJ7NOauL--LySUFIoOEjPzZgZJQfA5ChdZmmWXV81yc7uI8iKskvfBWRyl-bxKq_BjcEH0GIZhlKRxGKdn79arJzmglR6dFa4VGzqpvTOuQyWN2J6Gg3cDCbSi1pPxJG7BSA9aeMfIEUYC0ezR6L1zWqyeDjAiWAU0E43rLHo8glhPxPazv7RH9q6PDrVk6UxIq8UGRgUs1mLr1DO_nQ4HN_rLe_BIPVoDowbuhz3Xe8ReLMHg6JFxbtc4NfVm6kUjOxQ3Zhpo-i3uJUlOM3LEmViiQSIwfBgN0MDBrzxx3C-p0A5ScN3adDxipeUqdGLuG5CHXtQKCS13ZqAD9rAaRzQDEH4KPrTSEFy87ufB3Xp11_yYX998_9nU1_OuKvN53Fa7XZHHYRRHUR6WVZa1Gb-GDnWaSZ0kpc6rHZQFtGValWkri0SWcRaVuywvoUjOgy8vtp008IC2dX6UakBSD3UZFXmR5FXOqsV_VLw0DKichZYv7d-Br28G9iCN35Mz0_OnoLfCPx2wxbU</recordid><startdate>20240701</startdate><enddate>20240701</enddate><creator>Cakici, Hatice Betul</creator><creator>Batigun, Aysegul Durak</creator><general>KARE Publishing</general><scope/></search><sort><creationdate>20240701</creationdate><title>Examination of Psychological Symptoms in Adults Related to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Cognitive Fusion, Experiential Avoidance, and Perceived Social Support/Yetiskinlerde Psikolojik Belirtilerin Cocukluk Cagi Olumsuz Yasantilari, Bilissel Birlesme, Yasantisal Kacinma ve Algilanan Sosyal Destek Acisindan Degerlendirilmesi</title><author>Cakici, Hatice Betul ; Batigun, Aysegul Durak</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g986-2f9bb76201211608955f5000d0d45ad338d69be87ef84984fa73a82518b568e73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Cognitive therapy</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Patient outcomes</topic><topic>Psychic trauma in children</topic><topic>Psychological aspects</topic><topic>Psychological manifestations of general diseases</topic><topic>Social networks</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cakici, Hatice Betul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Batigun, Aysegul Durak</creatorcontrib><jtitle>Journal of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cakici, Hatice Betul</au><au>Batigun, Aysegul Durak</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Examination of Psychological Symptoms in Adults Related to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Cognitive Fusion, Experiential Avoidance, and Perceived Social Support/Yetiskinlerde Psikolojik Belirtilerin Cocukluk Cagi Olumsuz Yasantilari, Bilissel Birlesme, Yasantisal Kacinma ve Algilanan Sosyal Destek Acisindan Degerlendirilmesi</atitle><jtitle>Journal of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and research</jtitle><date>2024-07-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>122</spage><pages>122-</pages><issn>2146-9490</issn><abstract><![CDATA[This study determines the relationships between psychological symptoms in adults and adverse childhood experiences, cognitive engagement, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support. Moreover, this study elucidates whether psychological symptoms differ according to demographic variables such as age, gender, and education level. Participants included adults aged 18-65 years. Data were collected using brief symptom inventory, childhood trauma questionnaire short form, cognitive fusion questionnaire, acceptance and action questionnaire, and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Results of the analysis indicated that adverse childhood experiences, cognitive fusion, and perceived social support predict psychological symptoms in adults. Moreover, depression, anxiety, negative self, and hostility symptoms were found to be higher among participants aged 18-24 years compared with those in the 25-40 and 41-65 years age groups. This study will contribute to understanding the nature of psychological symptoms and identify the intervention areas of psychotherapies. For instance, cognitive fusion, which is one of the intervention areas of acceptance and commitment therapy--one of the third wave psychotherapy approaches--and cognitive defusion techniques may play an important role for treating psychological symptoms. Moreover, the findings indicate the need for psychological support, especially among young people. Keywords: Perceived social support, cognitive fusion, adverse childhood experiences, psychological symptoms, experiential avoidance. Bu calismanin temel amaci, yetiskinlerde gorulen psikolojik belirtiler ile cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilari, bilissel birlesme, yasantisal kacinma ve algilanan sosyal destek arasindaki iliskileri belirlemektir. Psikolojik belirtilerin yas, cinsiyet ve egitim duzeyi gibi demografik degiskenlere gore farklilasip farklilasmadigini incelemek de calismanin diger amacidir. Arastirmanin orneklemi 18-65 yas araligindaki yetiskinlerden olusmaktadir. Veri toplama araci olarak, Kisa Semptom Envanteri, Cocukluk Donemi Orselenme Yasantilari Olcegi Kisa Formu, Bilissel Birlesme Olcegi, Kabul ve Eylem Formu II ve Cok Boyutlu Algilanan Sosyal Destek Olcegi kullanilmistirkul-lanildi. Yapilan analizler, cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilarinin, bilissel birlesmenin ve sosyal destegin psikolojik belirtileri yordadigini gostermektedir. Buna ek olarak, 18-24 yas araligindaki katilimcilarda depresyon, kaygi, olumsuz benlik ve hostilite belirtileri 25-40 yas ve 41-65 yas grubundaki katilimcilara gore daha yuksek bulundu. Bu calismanin psikolojik belirtilerin dogasini anlamaya ve psikoterapilerin mudahale alanlarini belirlemeye katki saglayacagi dusunuldu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Algilanan sosyal destek, Bilissel birlesme, Cocukluk cagi olumsuz yasantilari, Psikolojik belirtiler, Yasantisal kacinma. EXTENDED ENGLISH ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization reported that mental health is a state of well-being in which each individual realizes his or her own potential, copes with the usual stresses of life efficiently, works productively, and contributes to society in terms of community and socio-economical development. Previous studies have shown that mental disorders are associated with various sociodemographic characteristics including being a woman, low education level, and lack of social security (Devrimci-Ozguven & Sayil, 1999; Donmez et al., 2000; Gulec-Oyekcin, 2008). Furthermore, the relationship between mental health and numerous psychological variables has been previously examined. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are one of these variables. The results of the systematic review and meta-analysis show that ACEs, especially sexual and physical abuse and harsh and hostile parenting, are associated with depression, anxiety, other internalizing disorders, and increased suicidality (Sahle et al., 2021). Besides sociodemographic characteristics and ACE, various variables are related to mental disorders. Based on acceptance and commitment therapy, which is among the cognitive behavioral therapies, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are two basic processes that contribute to occurrence and continuation of psychological disorders (Ramnero & Torneke, 2017). Cognitive fusion refers to seeing inner experiences including thoughts, images, memories, or hallucinations as absolute reality and allowing them to direct their behavior in a rigid way (Nalbant & Yavuz, 2019). Experiential avoidance is an attempt to reduce or control all the emotions, thoughts, and memories that disturb oneself (Ramnero & Torneke, 2017). Numerous studies have explored cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance along with various psychological symptoms. For example, a study conducted with adults found that both cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are statistically significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and posttraumatic stress. Additionally, there is an interaction effect. The increase in experiential avoidance strengthened the relationship between cognitive fusion and psychological distress (Bardeen & Fergus, 2016). Understanding mental health and psychological disorders necessitates a multiangle perspective that includes the context in which the person lives. Therefore, perceived social support, which is a protective effect against mental disorders (Cheong et al., 2017; Ruh et al., 2015), was included in the scope of the current study. Based on the previous findings, ACEs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support are variables that are closely related to mental health. However, no other study in the literature investigated these variables together. The objective of the present study is to determine the relationships between psychological symptoms and ACEs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and perceived social support. Furthermore, another aim of the study is to examine whether psychological symptoms differ based on demographic variables such as age and gender. The sample of the study comprises 303 adults between the ages of 18-65 years; 73% (221) of the participants are graduates of high school or higher, and 27% (82) are primary or high school graduates. Seventy-seven participants (25%) are between the ages of 18-24 years, 142 (47%) are between the ages of 25-40 years, and 84 (28%) are between the ages of 41-65 years. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were employed as data collection instruments. Incorrect data entries and extreme values were not included in the analysis. The SPSS-25 package program was utilized for the analysis. Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Pearson Correlation, and Stepwise Hierarchical Regression Analysis were conducted. Based on the results, the anxiety, depression, negative self, and hostility scores of the participants aged 18-24 were significantly higher than the participants aged 25-40 and 41-65 years; only somatization scores are significantly higher in both the 18-24 and 41-65 age group than 25-40 age group. Significant relationships were found between the BSI total score and other variables of the study, including demographic variables, and the correlation coefficients were observed to vary between -0.41 (p<0.01) and.65 (p<0.01). Because of the high correlation coefficient between experiential avoidance and fusion, experiential avoidance variable was not included in the stepwise hierarchical regression equation in the next analysis. The results of the stepwise hierarchical regression showed that age, education, emotional abuse, physical neglect, cognitive fusion, and perceived family support were statistically significant predictors of psychological symptoms. The established regression model explained 50% of the total variance. The highest values belong to the "cognitive fusion" ([beta]=0.57) variable. The results were discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature. Epidemiological studies showed that psychological disorders often begin between the ages of 15 and 20 years; in other words, the probability of experiencing a psychological disorder in the young population appears to be higher than in other periods of life (Fiestas and Piazza, 2014; Cia et al., 2018). Considering whether BSI scores differ based on gender, inconsistent findings are standing out in the literature. The inconsistency in findings were believed to be due to the differences in sample characteristics of the studies. The findings on the relationship between psychological symptoms and childhood traumatic experiences support previous findings (Faustino et al., 2023; Heidinger & Willson, 2019; Fontanil Gomez et al., 2021; Morgan et al., 2021; Kaloeti et al., 2019. Based on the relational framework theory, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are two of the basic processes that constitute psychological rigidity (Hayes et al., 2006). Based on the theoretical background, the current findings show that cognitive fusion alone explains 29% of the variance in psychological symptoms. In the final step, perceived social support entered the regression model. Although the findings of the current study support previous studies, when the sources of perceived social support are examined, only the perceived social support received from the family took place in the model, and the support received from friends and private individuals did not enter the model. In the literature, studies on the source of social support have obtained complicated results (Barger & Cribbet, 2016; Pierce & Quiroz, 2019; Rey et al., 2019). Studies in which various social support sources are examined along with larger samples are required. In conclusion, cognitive fusion is a prominent variable for widening the current understanding in terms of psychological symptoms and other rela]]></abstract><pub>KARE Publishing</pub><doi>10.5455/JCBPR.167093</doi></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Care and treatment Cognitive therapy Development and progression Diagnosis Health aspects Patient outcomes Psychic trauma in children Psychological aspects Psychological manifestations of general diseases Social networks |
| title | Examination of Psychological Symptoms in Adults Related to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Cognitive Fusion, Experiential Avoidance, and Perceived Social Support/Yetiskinlerde Psikolojik Belirtilerin Cocukluk Cagi Olumsuz Yasantilari, Bilissel Birlesme, Yasantisal Kacinma ve Algilanan Sosyal Destek Acisindan Degerlendirilmesi |
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