Recent Advances in Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron : Applications, Mechanisms, and Future Prospects

The fast rise of organic pollution has posed severe health risks to human beings and toxic issues to ecosystems. Proper disposal toward these organic contaminants is significant to maintain a green and sustainable development. Among various techniques for environmental remediation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can non-selectively oxidize and mineralize organic contaminants into CO[sub.2] , H[sub.2] O, and inorganic salts using free radicals that are generated from the activation of oxidants, such as persulfate, H[sub.2] O[sub.2] , O[sub.2] , peracetic acid, periodate, percarbonate, etc., while the activation of oxidants using catalysts via Fenton-type reactions is crucial for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., •OH, •SO[sub.4] [sup.−] , •O[sub.2] [sup.−] , •O[sub.3] CCH[sub.3] , •O[sub.2] CCH[sub.3] , •IO[sub.3] , •CO[sub.3] [sup.−] , and [sup.1] O[sub.2] . Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), with a core of Fe[sup.0] that performs a sustained activation effect in AOPs by gradually releasing ferrous ions, has been demonstrated as a cost-effective, high reactivity, easy recovery, easy recycling, and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst of AOPs. The combination of nZVI and AOPs, providing an appropriate way for the complete degradation of organic pollutants via indiscriminate oxidation of ROS, is emerging as an important technique for environmental remediation and has received considerable attention in the last decade. The following review comprises a short survey of the most recent reports in the applications of nZVI participating AOPs, their mechanisms, and future prospects. It contains six sections, an introduction into the theme, applications of persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and other oxidants-based AOPs catalyzed with nZVI, and conclusions about the reported research with perspectives for future developments. Elucidation of the applications and mechanisms of nZVI-based AOPs with various oxidants may not only pave the way to more affordable AOP protocols, but may also promote exploration and fabrication of more effective and sustainable nZVI materials applicable in practical applications.