First evidence for an aposematic function of a very common color pattern in small insects
Many small parasitoid wasps have a black head, an orange mesosoma and a black metasoma (BOB color pattern), which is usually present in both sexes. A likely function of this widespread pattern is aposematic (warning) coloration, but this has never been investigated. To test this hypothesis, we prese...
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creator | Mora-Castro, Rebeca Alfaro-Cordoba, Marcela Hernandez-Jimenez, Marcela Otarola, Mauricio Fernandez Mendez-Rivera, Michael Ramirez-Morales, Didier Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Carlos E. Duran-Rodriguez, Andres Hanson, Paul E. |
description | Many small parasitoid wasps have a black head, an orange mesosoma and a black metasoma (BOB color pattern), which is usually present in both sexes. A likely function of this widespread pattern is aposematic (warning) coloration, but this has never been investigated. To test this hypothesis, we presented spider predators (Lyssomanes jemineus), both field-captured and bred in captivity from eggs, to four wasp genera (Baryconus, Chromoteleia, Macroteleia and Scelio), each genus being represented by a BOB morphospecies and black morphospecies. We also used false prey, consisting of lures made of painted rice grains. Behavioral responses were analyzed with respect to presence or absence of the BOB pattern. In order to better understand the results obtained, two additional studies were performed. First, the reflection spectrum of the cuticle of the wasp and a theoretical visual sensibility of the spider were used to calculate a parameter we called "absorption contrast" that allows comparing the perception contrast between black and orange in each wasp genus as viewed by the spider. Second, acute toxicity trials with the water flea, Daphnia magna, were performed to determine toxicity differences between BOB and non-BOB wasps. At least some of the results suggest that the BOB color pattern may possibly play an aposematic role. |
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A likely function of this widespread pattern is aposematic (warning) coloration, but this has never been investigated. To test this hypothesis, we presented spider predators (Lyssomanes jemineus), both field-captured and bred in captivity from eggs, to four wasp genera (Baryconus, Chromoteleia, Macroteleia and Scelio), each genus being represented by a BOB morphospecies and black morphospecies. We also used false prey, consisting of lures made of painted rice grains. Behavioral responses were analyzed with respect to presence or absence of the BOB pattern. In order to better understand the results obtained, two additional studies were performed. First, the reflection spectrum of the cuticle of the wasp and a theoretical visual sensibility of the spider were used to calculate a parameter we called "absorption contrast" that allows comparing the perception contrast between black and orange in each wasp genus as viewed by the spider. Second, acute toxicity trials with the water flea, Daphnia magna, were performed to determine toxicity differences between BOB and non-BOB wasps. At least some of the results suggest that the BOB color pattern may possibly play an aposematic role.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237288</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33571212</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>SAN FRANCISCO: Public Library Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Aposematism ; Behavior ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Color ; Color vision ; Computer programs ; Conservation ; Conservation areas ; Diurnal ; Drafting software ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Editing ; Energy conservation ; Eye (anatomy) ; Foliage ; Hunting ; Insects ; Invertebrates ; Leaves ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Methodology ; Multidisciplinary Sciences ; Photosensitivity ; Physical Sciences ; Physiological aspects ; Pigments ; Predatory behavior ; Prey ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Reviews ; Science & Technology ; Science & Technology - Other Topics ; Software ; Spiders ; Trichromacy ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Visualization ; Wasps</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-02, Vol.16 (2), p.e0237288-e0237288, Article 0237288</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Mora-Castro et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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and a black metasoma (BOB color pattern), which is usually present in both sexes. A likely function of this widespread pattern is aposematic (warning) coloration, but this has never been investigated. To test this hypothesis, we presented spider predators (Lyssomanes jemineus), both field-captured and bred in captivity from eggs, to four wasp genera (Baryconus, Chromoteleia, Macroteleia and Scelio), each genus being represented by a BOB morphospecies and black morphospecies. We also used false prey, consisting of lures made of painted rice grains. Behavioral responses were analyzed with respect to presence or absence of the BOB pattern. In order to better understand the results obtained, two additional studies were performed. First, the reflection spectrum of the cuticle of the wasp and a theoretical visual sensibility of the spider were used to calculate a parameter we called "absorption contrast" that allows comparing the perception contrast between black and orange in each wasp genus as viewed by the spider. Second, acute toxicity trials with the water flea, Daphnia magna, were performed to determine toxicity differences between BOB and non-BOB wasps. At least some of the results suggest that the BOB color pattern may possibly play an aposematic role.</abstract><cop>SAN FRANCISCO</cop><pub>Public Library Science</pub><pmid>33571212</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0237288</doi><tpages>19</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-4613</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-3578</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2629-3839</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6923-7258</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Analysis Aposematism Behavior Biology and Life Sciences Color Color vision Computer programs Conservation Conservation areas Diurnal Drafting software Ecology and Environmental Sciences Editing Energy conservation Eye (anatomy) Foliage Hunting Insects Invertebrates Leaves Medicine and Health Sciences Methodology Multidisciplinary Sciences Photosensitivity Physical Sciences Physiological aspects Pigments Predatory behavior Prey Research and Analysis Methods Reviews Science & Technology Science & Technology - Other Topics Software Spiders Trichromacy Ultraviolet radiation Visualization Wasps |
title | First evidence for an aposematic function of a very common color pattern in small insects |
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