Synthesis of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with block and sphere morphology, and investigation into the influence of morphology on biological toxicity
In the present study, cobalt oxide ([Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]) magnetic nanoparticles with block and sphere morphologies were synthesized using various surfactants, and the toxicity of the particles was analyzed by monitoring biomarkers of nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish. The use of tartarate as a surf...
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| description | In the present study, cobalt oxide ([Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]) magnetic nanoparticles with block and sphere morphologies were synthesized using various surfactants, and the toxicity of the particles was analyzed by monitoring biomarkers of nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish. The use of tartarate as a surfactant produced highly crystalline blocks of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with pores on the sides, whereas citrate lead to the formation of nanoparticles with a spherical morphology. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] structure, crystallinity, size and morphology were studied using X-ray diffractogram and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Following an increase in nanoparticle concentration from 1 to 200 ppm, there was a corresponding increase in nitric oxide (NO) generation, induced by both types of nanoparticles [[Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B (block), r=0.953; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S (sphere), r=1.140]. Comparative analyses indicated that both types of nanoparticle produced significant stimulation at ≥ 5 ppm (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3892/etm.2015.2946 |
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The use of tartarate as a surfactant produced highly crystalline blocks of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with pores on the sides, whereas citrate lead to the formation of nanoparticles with a spherical morphology. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] structure, crystallinity, size and morphology were studied using X-ray diffractogram and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Following an increase in nanoparticle concentration from 1 to 200 ppm, there was a corresponding increase in nitric oxide (NO) generation, induced by both types of nanoparticles [[Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B (block), r=0.953; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S (sphere), r=1.140]. Comparative analyses indicated that both types of nanoparticle produced significant stimulation at ≥ 5 ppm (P<0.05) compared with a control. Upon analyzing the effect of nanoparticle morphology on NO generation, it was observed that [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S was more effective compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B (5 and 100 ppm, P<0.05; 200 ppm, P<0.01). Exposure to both types of nanoparticles produced reduction in liver glutathione (GSH) activity with corresponding increase in dose ([Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B, r=-0.359; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S, r=-0.429). However, subsequent analyses indicated that [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B was more potent in inhibiting liver GSH activity compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B proved to be toxic at 5 ppm (P<0.05) and GSH activity was almost completely inhibited at 200 ppm. A similar toxicity was observed with both types of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NPs against brain levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B, r=-0.180; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S, r=-0.230), indicating the ability of synthesized [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NPs to cross the blood-brain barrier and produce neuronal toxicity. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B showed increased inhibition of brain AChE activity compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S (1,5, and 10 ppm, P<0.05; 50, 100 and 200 ppm, P<0.01). These results suggested that the morphology of nanoparticle and surface area contribute to toxicity, which may have implications for their biological application. Key words: cobalt nanoparticles, oxidative stress, morphology, toxicology, zebrafish, nanotoxicology]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 1792-0981</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2946</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Spandidos Publications</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Chemical properties ; Magnetic properties ; Nanoparticles ; Surface active agents ; Zebra fish</subject><ispartof>Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 2016-02, p.553</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Spandidos Publications</rights><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Raman, Venkataramanan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suresh, Shruthi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savarimuthu, Philip Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Raman, Thiagarajan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsatsakis, Aristides Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Golokhvast, Kiril Sergeevich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vadivel, Vinod Kumar</creatorcontrib><title>Synthesis of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with block and sphere morphology, and investigation into the influence of morphology on biological toxicity</title><title>Experimental and therapeutic medicine</title><description><![CDATA[In the present study, cobalt oxide ([Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]) magnetic nanoparticles with block and sphere morphologies were synthesized using various surfactants, and the toxicity of the particles was analyzed by monitoring biomarkers of nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish. The use of tartarate as a surfactant produced highly crystalline blocks of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with pores on the sides, whereas citrate lead to the formation of nanoparticles with a spherical morphology. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] structure, crystallinity, size and morphology were studied using X-ray diffractogram and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Following an increase in nanoparticle concentration from 1 to 200 ppm, there was a corresponding increase in nitric oxide (NO) generation, induced by both types of nanoparticles [[Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B (block), r=0.953; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S (sphere), r=1.140]. Comparative analyses indicated that both types of nanoparticle produced significant stimulation at ≥ 5 ppm (P<0.05) compared with a control. Upon analyzing the effect of nanoparticle morphology on NO generation, it was observed that [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S was more effective compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B (5 and 100 ppm, P<0.05; 200 ppm, P<0.01). Exposure to both types of nanoparticles produced reduction in liver glutathione (GSH) activity with corresponding increase in dose ([Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B, r=-0.359; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S, r=-0.429). However, subsequent analyses indicated that [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B was more potent in inhibiting liver GSH activity compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B proved to be toxic at 5 ppm (P<0.05) and GSH activity was almost completely inhibited at 200 ppm. A similar toxicity was observed with both types of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NPs against brain levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B, r=-0.180; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S, r=-0.230), indicating the ability of synthesized [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NPs to cross the blood-brain barrier and produce neuronal toxicity. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B showed increased inhibition of brain AChE activity compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S (1,5, and 10 ppm, P<0.05; 50, 100 and 200 ppm, P<0.01). These results suggested that the morphology of nanoparticle and surface area contribute to toxicity, which may have implications for their biological application. Key words: cobalt nanoparticles, oxidative stress, morphology, toxicology, zebrafish, nanotoxicology]]></description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Magnetic properties</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Surface active agents</subject><subject>Zebra fish</subject><issn>1792-0981</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid/><recordid>eNptTj1PwzAQ9QASVenIbomVBDuxY3usKr6kSh3oVlWV7TqJIbGr2AX6V_i1uAUJBu6Ge_f03r0D4AqjvOSiuDWxzwuEaV4IUp2BEWaiyJDg-AJMQnhBqWiFOacj8Pl8cLE1wQboa7ia-TzsVV6uV4sTIGvopPM7OUSrOxPgu40tVJ3Xr1C6LQy71gwG9n7Ytb7zzeHmRFv3ZkK0jYzWu7RFD1NIAnW3N06bY9avByaNskdotexg9B9W23i4BOe17IKZ_MwxWN7fLWeP2Xzx8DSbzrOmYiwjimimTFkVdYEqQostkagqa8y4QFIkqLQSgnOMK4mwYIxipjDlJeOaE12OwfX32UZ2ZpNe9HGQurdBb6aEECooEyyp8n9Uqbemt9o7U9vE_zF8ARHoeWs</recordid><startdate>20160201</startdate><enddate>20160201</enddate><creator>Raman, Venkataramanan</creator><creator>Suresh, Shruthi</creator><creator>Savarimuthu, Philip Anthony</creator><creator>Raman, Thiagarajan</creator><creator>Tsatsakis, Aristides Michael</creator><creator>Golokhvast, Kiril Sergeevich</creator><creator>Vadivel, Vinod Kumar</creator><general>Spandidos Publications</general><scope/></search><sort><creationdate>20160201</creationdate><title>Synthesis of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with block and sphere morphology, and investigation into the influence of morphology on biological toxicity</title><author>Raman, Venkataramanan ; Suresh, Shruthi ; Savarimuthu, Philip Anthony ; Raman, Thiagarajan ; Tsatsakis, Aristides Michael ; Golokhvast, Kiril Sergeevich ; Vadivel, Vinod Kumar</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g677-4b4c7be362f206452d4a063f17890a9063bcb9988116a01977517b158378c84c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Magnetic properties</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Surface active agents</topic><topic>Zebra fish</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Raman, Venkataramanan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suresh, Shruthi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savarimuthu, Philip Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Raman, Thiagarajan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsatsakis, Aristides Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Golokhvast, Kiril Sergeevich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vadivel, Vinod Kumar</creatorcontrib><jtitle>Experimental and therapeutic medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Raman, Venkataramanan</au><au>Suresh, Shruthi</au><au>Savarimuthu, Philip Anthony</au><au>Raman, Thiagarajan</au><au>Tsatsakis, Aristides Michael</au><au>Golokhvast, Kiril Sergeevich</au><au>Vadivel, Vinod Kumar</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Synthesis of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with block and sphere morphology, and investigation into the influence of morphology on biological toxicity</atitle><jtitle>Experimental and therapeutic medicine</jtitle><date>2016-02-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><spage>553</spage><pages>553-</pages><issn>1792-0981</issn><abstract><![CDATA[In the present study, cobalt oxide ([Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]) magnetic nanoparticles with block and sphere morphologies were synthesized using various surfactants, and the toxicity of the particles was analyzed by monitoring biomarkers of nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish. The use of tartarate as a surfactant produced highly crystalline blocks of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with pores on the sides, whereas citrate lead to the formation of nanoparticles with a spherical morphology. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] structure, crystallinity, size and morphology were studied using X-ray diffractogram and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Following an increase in nanoparticle concentration from 1 to 200 ppm, there was a corresponding increase in nitric oxide (NO) generation, induced by both types of nanoparticles [[Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B (block), r=0.953; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S (sphere), r=1.140]. Comparative analyses indicated that both types of nanoparticle produced significant stimulation at ≥ 5 ppm (P<0.05) compared with a control. Upon analyzing the effect of nanoparticle morphology on NO generation, it was observed that [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S was more effective compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B (5 and 100 ppm, P<0.05; 200 ppm, P<0.01). Exposure to both types of nanoparticles produced reduction in liver glutathione (GSH) activity with corresponding increase in dose ([Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B, r=-0.359; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S, r=-0.429). However, subsequent analyses indicated that [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B was more potent in inhibiting liver GSH activity compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B proved to be toxic at 5 ppm (P<0.05) and GSH activity was almost completely inhibited at 200 ppm. A similar toxicity was observed with both types of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NPs against brain levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B, r=-0.180; [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S, r=-0.230), indicating the ability of synthesized [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NPs to cross the blood-brain barrier and produce neuronal toxicity. [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-B showed increased inhibition of brain AChE activity compared with [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4]-NP-S (1,5, and 10 ppm, P<0.05; 50, 100 and 200 ppm, P<0.01). These results suggested that the morphology of nanoparticle and surface area contribute to toxicity, which may have implications for their biological application. Key words: cobalt nanoparticles, oxidative stress, morphology, toxicology, zebrafish, nanotoxicology]]></abstract><pub>Spandidos Publications</pub><doi>10.3892/etm.2015.2946</doi></addata></record> |
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| title | Synthesis of [Co.sub.3][O.sub.4] nanoparticles with block and sphere morphology, and investigation into the influence of morphology on biological toxicity |
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