Frost-heaving damage to one-year-old Picea abies seedlings increases with soil horizon depth and canopy gap size

We studied first winter frost-heaving damage to one-year-old Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings planted in gaps made by group fellings (large circular gaps, ca. 500 m2) and single-tree selection cuttings (small irregularly shaped gaps, ca. 175 m2), as well as in uncut forest. One-month-old seedlings...

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