Comparative transcriptomic analysis of antimony resistant and susceptible Leishmania infantum lines

Background: One of the major challenges to leishmaniasis treatment is the emergence of parasites resistant to antimony. To study differentially expressed genes associated with drug resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between wild-type and potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb-I...

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Veröffentlicht in:Parasites & vectors 2020-11, Vol.13 (1), p.1-600, Article 600
Hauptverfasser: Andrade, Juvana Moreira, Goncalves, Leilane Oliveira, Liarte, Daniel Barbosa, Lima, Davi Alvarenga, Guimaraes, Frederico Goncalves, de Melo Resende, Daniela, Santi, Ana Maria Murta, de Oliveira, Luciana Marcia, Velloso, Joao Paulo Linhares, Delfino, Renato Guimaraes, Pescher, Pascale, Spath, Gerald F., Ruiz, Jeronimo Conceicao, Murta, Silvane Maria Fonseca
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container_issue 1
container_start_page 1
container_title Parasites & vectors
container_volume 13
creator Andrade, Juvana Moreira
Goncalves, Leilane Oliveira
Liarte, Daniel Barbosa
Lima, Davi Alvarenga
Guimaraes, Frederico Goncalves
de Melo Resende, Daniela
Santi, Ana Maria Murta
de Oliveira, Luciana Marcia
Velloso, Joao Paulo Linhares
Delfino, Renato Guimaraes
Pescher, Pascale
Spath, Gerald F.
Ruiz, Jeronimo Conceicao
Murta, Silvane Maria Fonseca
description Background: One of the major challenges to leishmaniasis treatment is the emergence of parasites resistant to antimony. To study differentially expressed genes associated with drug resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between wild-type and potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb-III)-resistant Leishmania infantum lines using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Methods: All the cDNA libraries were constructed from promastigote forms of each line, sequenced and analyzed using STAR for mapping the reads against the reference genome (L. infantum JPCM5) and DESeq2 for differential expression statistical analyses. All the genes were functionally annotated using sequence similarity search. Results: The analytical pipeline considering an adjusted p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.0 identified 933 transcripts differentially expressed (DE) between wild-type and Sb-III-resistant L. infantum lines. Out of 933 DE transcripts, 504 presented functional annotation and 429 were assigned as hypothetical proteins. A total of 837 transcripts were upregulated and 96 were downregulated in the Sb-III-resistant L. infantum line. Using this DE dataset, the proteins were further grouped in functional classes according to the gene ontology database. The functional enrichment analysis for biological processes showed that the upregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are associated with protein phosphorylation, microtubule-based movement, ubiquitination, host-parasite interaction, cellular process and other categories. The downregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are assigned in the GO categories: ribonucleoprotein complex, ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, nucleosome assembly and translation. Conclusions: The transcriptomic profile of L. infantum showed a robust set of genes from different metabolic pathways associated with the antimony resistance phenotype in this parasite. Our results address the complex and multifactorial antimony resistance mechanisms in Leishmania, identifying several candidate genes that may be further evaluated as molecular targets for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.
doi_str_mv 10.1186/s13071-020-04486-4
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To study differentially expressed genes associated with drug resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between wild-type and potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb-III)-resistant Leishmania infantum lines using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Methods: All the cDNA libraries were constructed from promastigote forms of each line, sequenced and analyzed using STAR for mapping the reads against the reference genome (L. infantum JPCM5) and DESeq2 for differential expression statistical analyses. All the genes were functionally annotated using sequence similarity search. Results: The analytical pipeline considering an adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05 and fold change &gt; 2.0 identified 933 transcripts differentially expressed (DE) between wild-type and Sb-III-resistant L. infantum lines. Out of 933 DE transcripts, 504 presented functional annotation and 429 were assigned as hypothetical proteins. A total of 837 transcripts were upregulated and 96 were downregulated in the Sb-III-resistant L. infantum line. Using this DE dataset, the proteins were further grouped in functional classes according to the gene ontology database. The functional enrichment analysis for biological processes showed that the upregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are associated with protein phosphorylation, microtubule-based movement, ubiquitination, host-parasite interaction, cellular process and other categories. The downregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are assigned in the GO categories: ribonucleoprotein complex, ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, nucleosome assembly and translation. Conclusions: The transcriptomic profile of L. infantum showed a robust set of genes from different metabolic pathways associated with the antimony resistance phenotype in this parasite. Our results address the complex and multifactorial antimony resistance mechanisms in Leishmania, identifying several candidate genes that may be further evaluated as molecular targets for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1756-3305</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1756-3305</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04486-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33256787</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>LONDON: Springer Nature</publisher><subject>Annotations ; Antimony ; Biogenesis ; Biological activity ; Chemical properties ; Chemotherapy ; Complementary DNA ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; Differentially expressed genes ; DNA ; Drug resistance ; Drug resistance in microorganisms ; Drug therapy ; Gene expression ; Gene mapping ; Gene sequencing ; Genes ; Genetic aspects ; Genomes ; Health aspects ; Host-parasite interactions ; Leishmania ; Leishmania infantum ; Leishmaniasis ; Life Sciences ; Life Sciences &amp; Biomedicine ; Metabolic pathways ; Microbiology and Parasitology ; Nucleic acids ; Nucleotide sequence ; Parasites ; Parasitic diseases ; Parasitological research ; Parasitology ; Phenotypes ; Phosphorylation ; Physiological aspects ; Potassium ; Potassium antimonyl tartrate ; Proteins ; Resistance ; Resistance mechanisms ; Ribosomes ; RNA ; RNA processing ; RNA sequencing ; rRNA ; Science &amp; Technology ; Software ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Submarine pipelines ; Transcriptome ; Transcriptomics ; Trivalent antimony ; Tropical Medicine ; Ubiquitination ; Vector-borne diseases</subject><ispartof>Parasites &amp; vectors, 2020-11, Vol.13 (1), p.1-600, Article 600</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Attribution</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>18</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000596393000002</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c612t-804072f7a449566b78b9f0996516f7c9847ec859d8495ca11d88058c088cf7f63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c612t-804072f7a449566b78b9f0996516f7c9847ec859d8495ca11d88058c088cf7f63</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1000-2339 ; 0000-0002-8523-2155 ; 0000-0003-2796-7855 ; 0000-0002-0256-2029</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7706067/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7706067/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2115,27929,27930,28253,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://pasteur.hal.science/pasteur-03109036$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Andrade, Juvana Moreira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goncalves, Leilane Oliveira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liarte, Daniel Barbosa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lima, Davi Alvarenga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guimaraes, Frederico Goncalves</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Melo Resende, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santi, Ana Maria Murta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Oliveira, Luciana Marcia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Velloso, Joao Paulo Linhares</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delfino, Renato Guimaraes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pescher, Pascale</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spath, Gerald F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruiz, Jeronimo Conceicao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murta, Silvane Maria Fonseca</creatorcontrib><title>Comparative transcriptomic analysis of antimony resistant and susceptible Leishmania infantum lines</title><title>Parasites &amp; vectors</title><addtitle>PARASITE VECTOR</addtitle><description>Background: One of the major challenges to leishmaniasis treatment is the emergence of parasites resistant to antimony. To study differentially expressed genes associated with drug resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between wild-type and potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb-III)-resistant Leishmania infantum lines using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Methods: All the cDNA libraries were constructed from promastigote forms of each line, sequenced and analyzed using STAR for mapping the reads against the reference genome (L. infantum JPCM5) and DESeq2 for differential expression statistical analyses. All the genes were functionally annotated using sequence similarity search. Results: The analytical pipeline considering an adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05 and fold change &gt; 2.0 identified 933 transcripts differentially expressed (DE) between wild-type and Sb-III-resistant L. infantum lines. Out of 933 DE transcripts, 504 presented functional annotation and 429 were assigned as hypothetical proteins. A total of 837 transcripts were upregulated and 96 were downregulated in the Sb-III-resistant L. infantum line. Using this DE dataset, the proteins were further grouped in functional classes according to the gene ontology database. The functional enrichment analysis for biological processes showed that the upregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are associated with protein phosphorylation, microtubule-based movement, ubiquitination, host-parasite interaction, cellular process and other categories. The downregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are assigned in the GO categories: ribonucleoprotein complex, ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, nucleosome assembly and translation. Conclusions: The transcriptomic profile of L. infantum showed a robust set of genes from different metabolic pathways associated with the antimony resistance phenotype in this parasite. Our results address the complex and multifactorial antimony resistance mechanisms in Leishmania, identifying several candidate genes that may be further evaluated as molecular targets for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.</description><subject>Annotations</subject><subject>Antimony</subject><subject>Biogenesis</subject><subject>Biological activity</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Chemotherapy</subject><subject>Complementary DNA</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>Differentially expressed genes</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Drug resistance in microorganisms</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Gene mapping</subject><subject>Gene sequencing</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genetic aspects</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Host-parasite interactions</subject><subject>Leishmania</subject><subject>Leishmania infantum</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Life Sciences &amp; Biomedicine</subject><subject>Metabolic pathways</subject><subject>Microbiology and Parasitology</subject><subject>Nucleic acids</subject><subject>Nucleotide sequence</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Parasitic diseases</subject><subject>Parasitological research</subject><subject>Parasitology</subject><subject>Phenotypes</subject><subject>Phosphorylation</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Potassium antimonyl tartrate</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Resistance</subject><subject>Resistance mechanisms</subject><subject>Ribosomes</subject><subject>RNA</subject><subject>RNA processing</subject><subject>RNA sequencing</subject><subject>rRNA</subject><subject>Science &amp; Technology</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Submarine pipelines</subject><subject>Transcriptome</subject><subject>Transcriptomics</subject><subject>Trivalent antimony</subject><subject>Tropical Medicine</subject><subject>Ubiquitination</subject><subject>Vector-borne diseases</subject><issn>1756-3305</issn><issn>1756-3305</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>AOWDO</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkk1v1DAQhiMEoqXwBzhF4gJCKePYsZ0L0moFtNJKSHycLcfrbF0l9mI7C_33TJqqsBUHEilxxs_7ZmY8RfGSwDkhkr9LhIIgFdRQAWOSV-xRcUpEwytKoXn81_qkeJbSNQCHtuFPixNK64YLKU4Lsw7jXked3cGWOWqfTHT7HEZnSu31cJNcKkOP6-zG4G_KaDGS8RND2zJNydh9dt1gy4116WrU3unS-R6JaSwH5216Xjzp9ZDsi7v3WfH944dv64tq8_nT5Xq1qQwnda4kMBB1LzRjmCXvhOzaHtqWN4T3wrSSCWtk024l7htNyFZKaKQBKU0vek7PisvFdxv0tdpHN-p4o4J26jYQ4k7pmJ0ZrCJU0xpVsrU1k4x1HJ91J1pBCINWotf7xWs_daPdGuuxOcOR6fGOd1dqFw5KCOwyF2hQLQZXD2QXq43a65TtFBVQAi1QfiDIv777YQw_JpuyGh32dhi0t2FKqmacA2WCzdavHqDXYYp4WDMlSE04I-wPtdNYMJ5IwDzNbKpWvAFOseC5zvN_UHhvLY5A8LZ3GD8SvDkSIJPtr7zTU0rq8uuXY7ZeWBNDStH2940goOYRVssIKxxhdTvCas777SL6abvQJ-OsN_ZeCABNy2lLYb5qpOX_02uXcdCDX4fJZ_obbicADQ</recordid><startdate>20201130</startdate><enddate>20201130</enddate><creator>Andrade, Juvana Moreira</creator><creator>Goncalves, Leilane Oliveira</creator><creator>Liarte, Daniel Barbosa</creator><creator>Lima, Davi Alvarenga</creator><creator>Guimaraes, Frederico Goncalves</creator><creator>de Melo Resende, Daniela</creator><creator>Santi, Ana Maria Murta</creator><creator>de Oliveira, Luciana Marcia</creator><creator>Velloso, Joao Paulo Linhares</creator><creator>Delfino, Renato Guimaraes</creator><creator>Pescher, Pascale</creator><creator>Spath, Gerald F.</creator><creator>Ruiz, Jeronimo Conceicao</creator><creator>Murta, Silvane Maria Fonseca</creator><general>Springer Nature</general><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><general>BMC</general><scope>AOWDO</scope><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1000-2339</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8523-2155</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-7855</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0256-2029</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20201130</creationdate><title>Comparative transcriptomic analysis of antimony resistant and susceptible Leishmania infantum lines</title><author>Andrade, Juvana Moreira ; Goncalves, Leilane Oliveira ; Liarte, Daniel Barbosa ; Lima, Davi Alvarenga ; Guimaraes, Frederico Goncalves ; de Melo Resende, Daniela ; Santi, Ana Maria Murta ; de Oliveira, Luciana Marcia ; Velloso, Joao Paulo Linhares ; Delfino, Renato Guimaraes ; Pescher, Pascale ; Spath, Gerald F. ; Ruiz, Jeronimo Conceicao ; Murta, Silvane Maria Fonseca</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c612t-804072f7a449566b78b9f0996516f7c9847ec859d8495ca11d88058c088cf7f63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Annotations</topic><topic>Antimony</topic><topic>Biogenesis</topic><topic>Biological activity</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Chemotherapy</topic><topic>Complementary DNA</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>Differentially expressed genes</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>Drug resistance</topic><topic>Drug resistance in microorganisms</topic><topic>Drug therapy</topic><topic>Gene expression</topic><topic>Gene mapping</topic><topic>Gene sequencing</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genetic aspects</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Host-parasite interactions</topic><topic>Leishmania</topic><topic>Leishmania infantum</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Life Sciences &amp; Biomedicine</topic><topic>Metabolic pathways</topic><topic>Microbiology and Parasitology</topic><topic>Nucleic acids</topic><topic>Nucleotide sequence</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>Parasitic diseases</topic><topic>Parasitological research</topic><topic>Parasitology</topic><topic>Phenotypes</topic><topic>Phosphorylation</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Potassium antimonyl tartrate</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Resistance</topic><topic>Resistance mechanisms</topic><topic>Ribosomes</topic><topic>RNA</topic><topic>RNA processing</topic><topic>RNA sequencing</topic><topic>rRNA</topic><topic>Science &amp; Technology</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Submarine pipelines</topic><topic>Transcriptome</topic><topic>Transcriptomics</topic><topic>Trivalent antimony</topic><topic>Tropical Medicine</topic><topic>Ubiquitination</topic><topic>Vector-borne diseases</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Andrade, Juvana Moreira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goncalves, Leilane Oliveira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liarte, Daniel Barbosa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lima, Davi Alvarenga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guimaraes, Frederico Goncalves</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Melo Resende, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santi, Ana Maria Murta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Oliveira, Luciana Marcia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Velloso, Joao Paulo Linhares</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delfino, Renato Guimaraes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pescher, Pascale</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spath, Gerald F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruiz, Jeronimo Conceicao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murta, Silvane Maria Fonseca</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2020</collection><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Health &amp; 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vectors</jtitle><stitle>PARASITE VECTOR</stitle><date>2020-11-30</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>600</epage><pages>1-600</pages><artnum>600</artnum><issn>1756-3305</issn><eissn>1756-3305</eissn><abstract>Background: One of the major challenges to leishmaniasis treatment is the emergence of parasites resistant to antimony. To study differentially expressed genes associated with drug resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between wild-type and potassium antimonyl tartrate (Sb-III)-resistant Leishmania infantum lines using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Methods: All the cDNA libraries were constructed from promastigote forms of each line, sequenced and analyzed using STAR for mapping the reads against the reference genome (L. infantum JPCM5) and DESeq2 for differential expression statistical analyses. All the genes were functionally annotated using sequence similarity search. Results: The analytical pipeline considering an adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05 and fold change &gt; 2.0 identified 933 transcripts differentially expressed (DE) between wild-type and Sb-III-resistant L. infantum lines. Out of 933 DE transcripts, 504 presented functional annotation and 429 were assigned as hypothetical proteins. A total of 837 transcripts were upregulated and 96 were downregulated in the Sb-III-resistant L. infantum line. Using this DE dataset, the proteins were further grouped in functional classes according to the gene ontology database. The functional enrichment analysis for biological processes showed that the upregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are associated with protein phosphorylation, microtubule-based movement, ubiquitination, host-parasite interaction, cellular process and other categories. The downregulated transcripts in the Sb-III-resistant line are assigned in the GO categories: ribonucleoprotein complex, ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, nucleosome assembly and translation. Conclusions: The transcriptomic profile of L. infantum showed a robust set of genes from different metabolic pathways associated with the antimony resistance phenotype in this parasite. Our results address the complex and multifactorial antimony resistance mechanisms in Leishmania, identifying several candidate genes that may be further evaluated as molecular targets for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.</abstract><cop>LONDON</cop><pub>Springer Nature</pub><pmid>33256787</pmid><doi>10.1186/s13071-020-04486-4</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1000-2339</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8523-2155</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-7855</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0256-2029</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Annotations
Antimony
Biogenesis
Biological activity
Chemical properties
Chemotherapy
Complementary DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Differentially expressed genes
DNA
Drug resistance
Drug resistance in microorganisms
Drug therapy
Gene expression
Gene mapping
Gene sequencing
Genes
Genetic aspects
Genomes
Health aspects
Host-parasite interactions
Leishmania
Leishmania infantum
Leishmaniasis
Life Sciences
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Metabolic pathways
Microbiology and Parasitology
Nucleic acids
Nucleotide sequence
Parasites
Parasitic diseases
Parasitological research
Parasitology
Phenotypes
Phosphorylation
Physiological aspects
Potassium
Potassium antimonyl tartrate
Proteins
Resistance
Resistance mechanisms
Ribosomes
RNA
RNA processing
RNA sequencing
rRNA
Science & Technology
Software
Statistical analysis
Statistical methods
Submarine pipelines
Transcriptome
Transcriptomics
Trivalent antimony
Tropical Medicine
Ubiquitination
Vector-borne diseases
title Comparative transcriptomic analysis of antimony resistant and susceptible Leishmania infantum lines
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