The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years

Enhanced summer insolation during the early and mid-Holocene drove increased precipitation and widespread expansion of vegetation across the Sahara during the African humid period (AHP). While changes in atmospheric dynamics during this time have been a major focus of palaeoclimate modelling efforts...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Climate of the past 2020-01, Vol.16 (1), p.117-140
Hauptverfasser: Dallmeyer, Anne, Claussen, Martin, Lorenz, Stephan J., Shanahan, Timothy
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 140
container_issue 1
container_start_page 117
container_title Climate of the past
container_volume 16
creator Dallmeyer, Anne
Claussen, Martin
Lorenz, Stephan J.
Shanahan, Timothy
description Enhanced summer insolation during the early and mid-Holocene drove increased precipitation and widespread expansion of vegetation across the Sahara during the African humid period (AHP). While changes in atmospheric dynamics during this time have been a major focus of palaeoclimate modelling efforts, the transient nature of the shift back to the modern desert state at the end of this period is less well understood. Reconstructions reveal a spatially and temporally complex end of the AHP, with an earlier end in the north than in the south and in the east than in the west. Some records suggest a rather abrupt end, whereas others indicate a gradual decline in moisture availability. Here we investigate the end of the AHP based on a transient simulation of the last 7850 years with the comprehensive Earth system model MPI-ESM1.2. The model largely reproduces the time-transgressive end of the AHP evident in proxy data, and it indicates that it is due to the regionally varying dynamical controls on precipitation. The impact of the main rain-bringing systems, i.e. the summer monsoon and extratropical troughs, varies spatially, leading to heterogeneous seasonal rainfall cycles that impose regionally different responses to the Holocene insolation decrease. An increase in extratropical troughs that interact with the tropical mean flow and transport moisture to the western Sahara during the mid-Holocene delays the end of the AHP in that region. Along the coast, this interaction maintains humid conditions for a longer time than further inland. Drying in this area occurs when this interaction becomes too weak to sustain precipitation. In the lower latitudes of west Africa, where the rainfall is only influenced by the summer monsoon dynamics, the end of the AHP coincides with the retreat of the monsoonal rain belt. The model results clearly demonstrate that non-monsoonal dynamics can also play an important role in forming the precipitation signal and should therefore not be neglected in analyses of north African rainfall trends.
doi_str_mv 10.5194/cp-16-117-2020
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_gale_infotracacademiconefile_A611395829</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A611395829</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_f526ae88363140f983b744a24c088954</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A611395829</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-a493t-c7de778e98456af21c0ab87fb415519343f250e9c5d321a501bfe9ec771c14b13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNUk2LFDEUbETBdfXqOeBJpNd8difHYVh1YEHQ9RzS6ZeZDN2dNkm7zsH_bmZHRxb2IDnk5VFVeR9VVa8JvhJE8fd2rklTE9LWFFP8pLogkvBaMUafnmPKn1cvUtpjzCVR4qL6dbsDBFOPgkO5hCsXvTUT2i2j79EM0YcemYQSwIS6AzIoRzMlD1NGNoxzhB2U5w9A1ybmHUqHlGFEY-hhQMmPy2CyD9Nf-cGkjCTGGB3AxPSyeubMkODVn_uy-vbh-nb9qb75_HGzXt3UhiuWa9v20LYSlOSiMY4Si00nW9dxIkrrjDNHBQZlRc8oMQKTzoEC27bEEt4RdlltTrp9MHs9Rz-aeNDBeH2fCHGrS_XeDqCdoI0BKVnDCMdOSda1nBvKLZZSCV603py05hi-L5Cy3oclTqV8TRkrX2LG5T_U1hRRP7lQ5mZHn6xeNYQwJSRVBXX1CKqcHkZvwwTOl_wDwtsHhILJ8DNvzZKS3nz98qi4jSGlCO7cOMH66BhtZ00aXRyjj44phHcnwh10wSVblmzhTCpLE1gSqpoS4eNM5f-j1z7f-2Adlimz367H0EU</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2337710348</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years</title><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2020&lt;img src="https://exlibris-pub.s3.amazonaws.com/fromwos-v2.jpg" /&gt;</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><creator>Dallmeyer, Anne ; Claussen, Martin ; Lorenz, Stephan J. ; Shanahan, Timothy</creator><creatorcontrib>Dallmeyer, Anne ; Claussen, Martin ; Lorenz, Stephan J. ; Shanahan, Timothy</creatorcontrib><description>Enhanced summer insolation during the early and mid-Holocene drove increased precipitation and widespread expansion of vegetation across the Sahara during the African humid period (AHP). While changes in atmospheric dynamics during this time have been a major focus of palaeoclimate modelling efforts, the transient nature of the shift back to the modern desert state at the end of this period is less well understood. Reconstructions reveal a spatially and temporally complex end of the AHP, with an earlier end in the north than in the south and in the east than in the west. Some records suggest a rather abrupt end, whereas others indicate a gradual decline in moisture availability. Here we investigate the end of the AHP based on a transient simulation of the last 7850 years with the comprehensive Earth system model MPI-ESM1.2. The model largely reproduces the time-transgressive end of the AHP evident in proxy data, and it indicates that it is due to the regionally varying dynamical controls on precipitation. The impact of the main rain-bringing systems, i.e. the summer monsoon and extratropical troughs, varies spatially, leading to heterogeneous seasonal rainfall cycles that impose regionally different responses to the Holocene insolation decrease. An increase in extratropical troughs that interact with the tropical mean flow and transport moisture to the western Sahara during the mid-Holocene delays the end of the AHP in that region. Along the coast, this interaction maintains humid conditions for a longer time than further inland. Drying in this area occurs when this interaction becomes too weak to sustain precipitation. In the lower latitudes of west Africa, where the rainfall is only influenced by the summer monsoon dynamics, the end of the AHP coincides with the retreat of the monsoonal rain belt. The model results clearly demonstrate that non-monsoonal dynamics can also play an important role in forming the precipitation signal and should therefore not be neglected in analyses of north African rainfall trends.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1814-9324</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1814-9332</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1814-9332</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.5194/cp-16-117-2020</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>GOTTINGEN: Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Atmospheric dynamics ; Atmospheric models ; Atmospheric precipitations ; Coastal zone ; Computer simulation ; Drying ; Dynamic meteorology ; Dynamics ; Earth ; Geology ; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary ; Holocene ; Insolation ; Meteorology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences ; Moisture ; Moisture availability ; Monsoons ; Palaeoclimate ; Paleoclimate ; Physical Sciences ; Precipitation ; Precipitation (Meteorology) ; Proxy ; Rain ; Rainfall ; Rainfall cycles ; Rainfall trends ; Science &amp; Technology ; Seasonal rainfall ; Simulation ; Summer ; Summer monsoon ; Tropical climate ; Troughs ; Wind</subject><ispartof>Climate of the past, 2020-01, Vol.16 (1), p.117-140</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Copernicus GmbH</rights><rights>2020. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>50</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000508129600001</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a493t-c7de778e98456af21c0ab87fb415519343f250e9c5d321a501bfe9ec771c14b13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a493t-c7de778e98456af21c0ab87fb415519343f250e9c5d321a501bfe9ec771c14b13</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6225-5488 ; 0000-0002-3270-610X ; 0000-0002-3831-3198</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,865,2103,2115,27929,27930,28253</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dallmeyer, Anne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Claussen, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lorenz, Stephan J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shanahan, Timothy</creatorcontrib><title>The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years</title><title>Climate of the past</title><addtitle>CLIM PAST</addtitle><description>Enhanced summer insolation during the early and mid-Holocene drove increased precipitation and widespread expansion of vegetation across the Sahara during the African humid period (AHP). While changes in atmospheric dynamics during this time have been a major focus of palaeoclimate modelling efforts, the transient nature of the shift back to the modern desert state at the end of this period is less well understood. Reconstructions reveal a spatially and temporally complex end of the AHP, with an earlier end in the north than in the south and in the east than in the west. Some records suggest a rather abrupt end, whereas others indicate a gradual decline in moisture availability. Here we investigate the end of the AHP based on a transient simulation of the last 7850 years with the comprehensive Earth system model MPI-ESM1.2. The model largely reproduces the time-transgressive end of the AHP evident in proxy data, and it indicates that it is due to the regionally varying dynamical controls on precipitation. The impact of the main rain-bringing systems, i.e. the summer monsoon and extratropical troughs, varies spatially, leading to heterogeneous seasonal rainfall cycles that impose regionally different responses to the Holocene insolation decrease. An increase in extratropical troughs that interact with the tropical mean flow and transport moisture to the western Sahara during the mid-Holocene delays the end of the AHP in that region. Along the coast, this interaction maintains humid conditions for a longer time than further inland. Drying in this area occurs when this interaction becomes too weak to sustain precipitation. In the lower latitudes of west Africa, where the rainfall is only influenced by the summer monsoon dynamics, the end of the AHP coincides with the retreat of the monsoonal rain belt. The model results clearly demonstrate that non-monsoonal dynamics can also play an important role in forming the precipitation signal and should therefore not be neglected in analyses of north African rainfall trends.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Atmospheric dynamics</subject><subject>Atmospheric models</subject><subject>Atmospheric precipitations</subject><subject>Coastal zone</subject><subject>Computer simulation</subject><subject>Drying</subject><subject>Dynamic meteorology</subject><subject>Dynamics</subject><subject>Earth</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Geosciences, Multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Holocene</subject><subject>Insolation</subject><subject>Meteorology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences</subject><subject>Moisture</subject><subject>Moisture availability</subject><subject>Monsoons</subject><subject>Palaeoclimate</subject><subject>Paleoclimate</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Precipitation (Meteorology)</subject><subject>Proxy</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Rainfall</subject><subject>Rainfall cycles</subject><subject>Rainfall trends</subject><subject>Science &amp; Technology</subject><subject>Seasonal rainfall</subject><subject>Simulation</subject><subject>Summer</subject><subject>Summer monsoon</subject><subject>Tropical climate</subject><subject>Troughs</subject><subject>Wind</subject><issn>1814-9324</issn><issn>1814-9332</issn><issn>1814-9332</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>AOWDO</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNUk2LFDEUbETBdfXqOeBJpNd8difHYVh1YEHQ9RzS6ZeZDN2dNkm7zsH_bmZHRxb2IDnk5VFVeR9VVa8JvhJE8fd2rklTE9LWFFP8pLogkvBaMUafnmPKn1cvUtpjzCVR4qL6dbsDBFOPgkO5hCsXvTUT2i2j79EM0YcemYQSwIS6AzIoRzMlD1NGNoxzhB2U5w9A1ybmHUqHlGFEY-hhQMmPy2CyD9Nf-cGkjCTGGB3AxPSyeubMkODVn_uy-vbh-nb9qb75_HGzXt3UhiuWa9v20LYSlOSiMY4Si00nW9dxIkrrjDNHBQZlRc8oMQKTzoEC27bEEt4RdlltTrp9MHs9Rz-aeNDBeH2fCHGrS_XeDqCdoI0BKVnDCMdOSda1nBvKLZZSCV603py05hi-L5Cy3oclTqV8TRkrX2LG5T_U1hRRP7lQ5mZHn6xeNYQwJSRVBXX1CKqcHkZvwwTOl_wDwtsHhILJ8DNvzZKS3nz98qi4jSGlCO7cOMH66BhtZ00aXRyjj44phHcnwh10wSVblmzhTCpLE1gSqpoS4eNM5f-j1z7f-2Adlimz367H0EU</recordid><startdate>20200115</startdate><enddate>20200115</enddate><creator>Dallmeyer, Anne</creator><creator>Claussen, Martin</creator><creator>Lorenz, Stephan J.</creator><creator>Shanahan, Timothy</creator><general>Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh</general><general>Copernicus GmbH</general><general>Copernicus Publications</general><scope>AOWDO</scope><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BFMQW</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6225-5488</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-610X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-3198</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200115</creationdate><title>The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years</title><author>Dallmeyer, Anne ; Claussen, Martin ; Lorenz, Stephan J. ; Shanahan, Timothy</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a493t-c7de778e98456af21c0ab87fb415519343f250e9c5d321a501bfe9ec771c14b13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Atmospheric dynamics</topic><topic>Atmospheric models</topic><topic>Atmospheric precipitations</topic><topic>Coastal zone</topic><topic>Computer simulation</topic><topic>Drying</topic><topic>Dynamic meteorology</topic><topic>Dynamics</topic><topic>Earth</topic><topic>Geology</topic><topic>Geosciences, Multidisciplinary</topic><topic>Holocene</topic><topic>Insolation</topic><topic>Meteorology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences</topic><topic>Moisture</topic><topic>Moisture availability</topic><topic>Monsoons</topic><topic>Palaeoclimate</topic><topic>Paleoclimate</topic><topic>Physical Sciences</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Precipitation (Meteorology)</topic><topic>Proxy</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Rainfall</topic><topic>Rainfall cycles</topic><topic>Rainfall trends</topic><topic>Science &amp; Technology</topic><topic>Seasonal rainfall</topic><topic>Simulation</topic><topic>Summer</topic><topic>Summer monsoon</topic><topic>Tropical climate</topic><topic>Troughs</topic><topic>Wind</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dallmeyer, Anne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Claussen, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lorenz, Stephan J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shanahan, Timothy</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2020</collection><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>Meteorological &amp; Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Continental Europe Database</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric &amp; Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy &amp; Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution &amp; Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Meteorological &amp; Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric &amp; Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Climate of the past</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dallmeyer, Anne</au><au>Claussen, Martin</au><au>Lorenz, Stephan J.</au><au>Shanahan, Timothy</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years</atitle><jtitle>Climate of the past</jtitle><stitle>CLIM PAST</stitle><date>2020-01-15</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>117</spage><epage>140</epage><pages>117-140</pages><issn>1814-9324</issn><issn>1814-9332</issn><eissn>1814-9332</eissn><abstract>Enhanced summer insolation during the early and mid-Holocene drove increased precipitation and widespread expansion of vegetation across the Sahara during the African humid period (AHP). While changes in atmospheric dynamics during this time have been a major focus of palaeoclimate modelling efforts, the transient nature of the shift back to the modern desert state at the end of this period is less well understood. Reconstructions reveal a spatially and temporally complex end of the AHP, with an earlier end in the north than in the south and in the east than in the west. Some records suggest a rather abrupt end, whereas others indicate a gradual decline in moisture availability. Here we investigate the end of the AHP based on a transient simulation of the last 7850 years with the comprehensive Earth system model MPI-ESM1.2. The model largely reproduces the time-transgressive end of the AHP evident in proxy data, and it indicates that it is due to the regionally varying dynamical controls on precipitation. The impact of the main rain-bringing systems, i.e. the summer monsoon and extratropical troughs, varies spatially, leading to heterogeneous seasonal rainfall cycles that impose regionally different responses to the Holocene insolation decrease. An increase in extratropical troughs that interact with the tropical mean flow and transport moisture to the western Sahara during the mid-Holocene delays the end of the AHP in that region. Along the coast, this interaction maintains humid conditions for a longer time than further inland. Drying in this area occurs when this interaction becomes too weak to sustain precipitation. In the lower latitudes of west Africa, where the rainfall is only influenced by the summer monsoon dynamics, the end of the AHP coincides with the retreat of the monsoonal rain belt. The model results clearly demonstrate that non-monsoonal dynamics can also play an important role in forming the precipitation signal and should therefore not be neglected in analyses of north African rainfall trends.</abstract><cop>GOTTINGEN</cop><pub>Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh</pub><doi>10.5194/cp-16-117-2020</doi><tpages>24</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6225-5488</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-610X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-3198</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 1814-9324
ispartof Climate of the past, 2020-01, Vol.16 (1), p.117-140
issn 1814-9324
1814-9332
1814-9332
language eng
recordid cdi_gale_infotracacademiconefile_A611395829
source DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2020<img src="https://exlibris-pub.s3.amazonaws.com/fromwos-v2.jpg" />; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals
subjects Analysis
Atmospheric dynamics
Atmospheric models
Atmospheric precipitations
Coastal zone
Computer simulation
Drying
Dynamic meteorology
Dynamics
Earth
Geology
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Holocene
Insolation
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Moisture
Moisture availability
Monsoons
Palaeoclimate
Paleoclimate
Physical Sciences
Precipitation
Precipitation (Meteorology)
Proxy
Rain
Rainfall
Rainfall cycles
Rainfall trends
Science & Technology
Seasonal rainfall
Simulation
Summer
Summer monsoon
Tropical climate
Troughs
Wind
title The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-12T03%3A17%3A14IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20end%20of%20the%20African%20humid%20period%20as%20seen%20by%20a%20transient%20comprehensive%20Earth%20system%20model%20simulation%20of%20the%20last%208000%20years&rft.jtitle=Climate%20of%20the%20past&rft.au=Dallmeyer,%20Anne&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=117&rft.epage=140&rft.pages=117-140&rft.issn=1814-9324&rft.eissn=1814-9332&rft_id=info:doi/10.5194/cp-16-117-2020&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA611395829%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2337710348&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A611395829&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_f526ae88363140f983b744a24c088954&rfr_iscdi=true