Carl Singer

Micromanipulators, more than any other instrument, opened the early doors to developing the powerful genetics of yeast that underlies much of the molecular work today. The ability to separate the spores of a tetrad and analyze their phenotypes generated the genetic maps and biology upon which subsequent cloning, sequencing, cutting edge molecular and cell biology depended. This work describes the development of those micromanipulators from garage to barn to factory and the developer of the sophisticated instruments we use today. For more than 30 years Carl Singer and his family were staunch and generous supporters of the International Conferences on Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology meetings both in Europe and America. Carl Singer's displays at meetings became a traditional fixture and engaged the appetites of many students and advanced researchers to employ a technique that many perceived as too complicated or difficult, but which he made simple and easy to learn. His experiences also document a sketch of the international yeast meetings, their venues and how they developed through the years.