Soil-Transmitted Helminth infections reduction in Bhutan: A report of 29 years of deworming
Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infections affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although prevalent in all age groups, school aged children are a high-risk groups for STH infections. In Bhutan, epidemiological data on STH were collected from western Bhutan in 2003, which found a prevalence of 16...
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| description | Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infections affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although prevalent in all age groups, school aged children are a high-risk groups for STH infections. In Bhutan, epidemiological data on STH were collected from western Bhutan in 2003, which found a prevalence of 16.5%. However, little evidence is available on the prevalence of infection at national level. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence and intensity of STH infections, and identify significant correlates of STH among students. A school-based survey was conducted in three regions of Bhutan. Two-stage cluster sampling was adopted to select a sample of 1500 students from 24 schools, in equal proportion from three regions of the country. A total of 1456 (97%) students were interviewed and their stool sample examined for the presence of parasites. Mini-FLOTAC technique was used to detect the parasite eggs/ova. The prevalence of any STH infection was 1.4%, with 0.8% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.5% Trichuris trichiura and 0.2% hookworms. The eastern region had the highest prevalence at 2.3%. Except for one student who had moderate intensity of A. lumbricoides, the rest had light infection. Any STH presence was significantly associated with father's occupation, father's education level, type of house and the flooring of the house in which students reported to live. No significant associations were observed between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) variables measured and presence of any STH infection. The prevalence of STH was found to be very low with primarily light intensity in this study. Nonetheless, it was also found that the sanitation situation is not ideal in the country, with several students reporting constant or partial open defecation leading to environmental contamination. Based on this prevalence and in line with the WHO guideline, it is recommended that deworming be reduced to once a year in combination with concerted health education on proper hygiene and sanitation practice. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0227273 |
| format | Article |
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Although prevalent in all age groups, school aged children are a high-risk groups for STH infections. In Bhutan, epidemiological data on STH were collected from western Bhutan in 2003, which found a prevalence of 16.5%. However, little evidence is available on the prevalence of infection at national level. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence and intensity of STH infections, and identify significant correlates of STH among students. A school-based survey was conducted in three regions of Bhutan. Two-stage cluster sampling was adopted to select a sample of 1500 students from 24 schools, in equal proportion from three regions of the country. A total of 1456 (97%) students were interviewed and their stool sample examined for the presence of parasites. Mini-FLOTAC technique was used to detect the parasite eggs/ova. The prevalence of any STH infection was 1.4%, with 0.8% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.5% Trichuris trichiura and 0.2% hookworms. The eastern region had the highest prevalence at 2.3%. Except for one student who had moderate intensity of A. lumbricoides, the rest had light infection. Any STH presence was significantly associated with father's occupation, father's education level, type of house and the flooring of the house in which students reported to live. No significant associations were observed between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) variables measured and presence of any STH infection. The prevalence of STH was found to be very low with primarily light intensity in this study. Nonetheless, it was also found that the sanitation situation is not ideal in the country, with several students reporting constant or partial open defecation leading to environmental contamination. Based on this prevalence and in line with the WHO guideline, it is recommended that deworming be reduced to once a year in combination with concerted health education on proper hygiene and sanitation practice.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227273</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31899772</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adolescent ; Albendazole - administration & dosage ; Animals ; Anthelmintics - administration & dosage ; Bhutan - epidemiology ; Chemotherapy ; Child ; Containers ; Contamination ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Defecation ; Disease transmission ; Drinking Water - parasitology ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Education ; Eggs ; Epidemiology ; Feces - parasitology ; Female ; Health aspects ; Health education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice - ethnology ; Health risks ; Helminthiasis - epidemiology ; Helminthiasis - parasitology ; Helminthiasis - prevention & control ; Helminthiasis - transmission ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Infections ; Light intensity ; Luminous intensity ; Male ; Medical personnel training ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Nursing ; Ova ; Parasites ; People and Places ; Prevalence ; Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) ; Public health ; Risk groups ; Sample size ; Sanitation ; Sanitation - methods ; Sanitation - statistics & numerical data ; Schools ; Schools - statistics & numerical data ; Social Sciences ; Soil - parasitology ; Soil contamination ; Soils ; Students ; Students - statistics & numerical data ; Surveys ; Young Adult]]></subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-01, Vol.15 (1), p.e0227273</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Dukpa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 Dukpa et al 2020 Dukpa et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ecb87ef0d82cf34edef26fe9bc3825be171d4388a221355f4a80eaa553c963b83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ecb87ef0d82cf34edef26fe9bc3825be171d4388a221355f4a80eaa553c963b83</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1378-7733 ; 0000-0003-3280-2916 ; 0000-0002-4059-4793 ; 0000-0002-7945-0228</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941809/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941809/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31899772$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dukpa, Tshering</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dorji, Nidup</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thinley, Sangay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wangchuk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tshering, Karma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gyem, Kinley</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wangmo, Diki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sherpa, Passang Lhamo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dorji, Tshering</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montresor, Antonio</creatorcontrib><title>Soil-Transmitted Helminth infections reduction in Bhutan: A report of 29 years of deworming</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infections affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although prevalent in all age groups, school aged children are a high-risk groups for STH infections. In Bhutan, epidemiological data on STH were collected from western Bhutan in 2003, which found a prevalence of 16.5%. However, little evidence is available on the prevalence of infection at national level. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence and intensity of STH infections, and identify significant correlates of STH among students. A school-based survey was conducted in three regions of Bhutan. Two-stage cluster sampling was adopted to select a sample of 1500 students from 24 schools, in equal proportion from three regions of the country. A total of 1456 (97%) students were interviewed and their stool sample examined for the presence of parasites. Mini-FLOTAC technique was used to detect the parasite eggs/ova. The prevalence of any STH infection was 1.4%, with 0.8% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.5% Trichuris trichiura and 0.2% hookworms. 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Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Health & Nursing</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dukpa, Tshering</au><au>Dorji, Nidup</au><au>Thinley, Sangay</au><au>Wangchuk</au><au>Tshering, Karma</au><au>Gyem, Kinley</au><au>Wangmo, Diki</au><au>Sherpa, Passang Lhamo</au><au>Dorji, Tshering</au><au>Montresor, Antonio</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Soil-Transmitted Helminth infections reduction in Bhutan: A report of 29 years of deworming</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-01-03</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e0227273</spage><pages>e0227273-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infections affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although prevalent in all age groups, school aged children are a high-risk groups for STH infections. In Bhutan, epidemiological data on STH were collected from western Bhutan in 2003, which found a prevalence of 16.5%. However, little evidence is available on the prevalence of infection at national level. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence and intensity of STH infections, and identify significant correlates of STH among students. A school-based survey was conducted in three regions of Bhutan. Two-stage cluster sampling was adopted to select a sample of 1500 students from 24 schools, in equal proportion from three regions of the country. A total of 1456 (97%) students were interviewed and their stool sample examined for the presence of parasites. Mini-FLOTAC technique was used to detect the parasite eggs/ova. The prevalence of any STH infection was 1.4%, with 0.8% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.5% Trichuris trichiura and 0.2% hookworms. The eastern region had the highest prevalence at 2.3%. Except for one student who had moderate intensity of A. lumbricoides, the rest had light infection. Any STH presence was significantly associated with father's occupation, father's education level, type of house and the flooring of the house in which students reported to live. No significant associations were observed between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) variables measured and presence of any STH infection. The prevalence of STH was found to be very low with primarily light intensity in this study. Nonetheless, it was also found that the sanitation situation is not ideal in the country, with several students reporting constant or partial open defecation leading to environmental contamination. Based on this prevalence and in line with the WHO guideline, it is recommended that deworming be reduced to once a year in combination with concerted health education on proper hygiene and sanitation practice.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31899772</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0227273</doi><tpages>e0227273</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1378-7733</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-2916</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-4793</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7945-0228</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2020-01, Vol.15 (1), p.e0227273 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_gale_incontextgauss_IOV_A610390202 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Adolescent Albendazole - administration & dosage Animals Anthelmintics - administration & dosage Bhutan - epidemiology Chemotherapy Child Containers Contamination Cross-Sectional Studies Defecation Disease transmission Drinking Water - parasitology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Education Eggs Epidemiology Feces - parasitology Female Health aspects Health education Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice - ethnology Health risks Helminthiasis - epidemiology Helminthiasis - parasitology Helminthiasis - prevention & control Helminthiasis - transmission Humans Hygiene Infections Light intensity Luminous intensity Male Medical personnel training Medicine and Health Sciences Nursing Ova Parasites People and Places Prevalence Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) Public health Risk groups Sample size Sanitation Sanitation - methods Sanitation - statistics & numerical data Schools Schools - statistics & numerical data Social Sciences Soil - parasitology Soil contamination Soils Students Students - statistics & numerical data Surveys Young Adult |
| title | Soil-Transmitted Helminth infections reduction in Bhutan: A report of 29 years of deworming |
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