Fastening railway rails

A clip has an upper arm (A) which presses on one side (11A) of a flange at the bottom of a railway rail standing on a sleeper in the form of an inverted trough. The upper arm (A) is joined by a bend C, part of which lies in a hole (10E) in the top of the sleeper, to a lower arm (B) most of which lies inside the inverted trough, whereas its free end portion 4B projects out of the inverted trough through a hole (10D) in the top of the sleeper and locates the other side 11B of the rail flange. The lower arm (B) has a part (2B) which in a particular orientation of the clip (tangent X horizontal) is the lowest part of the clip, this being nearer to the middle of the length of the lower arm than it is to either end of the lower arm, and the lower arm rises at a small inclination to the horizontal, proceeding in both directions from this part (2B).