Multi‐level insights into the immuno‐oncology‐microbiome axis: From biotechnology to novel therapies

The multifaceted interactions among the immune system, cancer cells and microbial components have established a novel concept of the immuno‐oncology‐microbiome (IOM) axis. Microbiome sequencing technologies have played a pivotal role in not only analyzing how gut microbiota affect local and distant tumors, but also providing unprecedented insights into the intratumor host‐microbe interactions. Herein, we discuss the emerging trends of transiting from bulk‐level to single cell‐ and spatial‐level analyses. Moving forward with advances in biotechnology, microbial therapies, including microbiota‐based therapies and bioengineering‐inspired microbes, will add diversity to the current oncotherapy paradigm.