Climate change, poverty, and health: A scoping review of the Canadian context

The understanding of the role of climate change in worsening health outcomes and social disparities is growing, highlighting poverty as a key factor amplifying exposure to environmental hazards and as a result of such exposure. However, there has been insufficient focus on the unique risks encountered in Canada, highlighting the necessity for targeted understanding to inform and evaluate effective responses. The question guiding the present scoping review is: In the Canadian context, what are the impacts and implications of climate change and weather extremes on the physical and mental health of those experiencing poverty, as evidenced in the peer-reviewed academic literature? A systematic search was conducted within the following four databases: Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, using key terms related to poverty, climate change, and health and well-being in the Canadian context. Primary research and review articles published in English were included (n = 28). The articles included 23 reports of primary research and five reviews, spanning 2000 to 2022. Six theme areas emerged at the climate change, poverty, and health intersection in Canada: heat, air pollution, food security, pollen, wildfire evacuation, and health systems. Addressing poverty reduction is identified as a critical lever for reducing environmental risks and enhancing resilience, although challenges remain in implementing evidence-based interventions due to significant gaps in knowledge. Future research should consider exploring outcomes disaggregated by sociodemographic factors, interconnections between heat and air pollution, and interventions targeting vulnerable groups.