A qualitative analysis of the implementation of the water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools program in the Philippines using the One Health lens

Background and Aim: Schools are ideal settings for interventions against diseases to develop sustainable and healthy behaviors that improve long-term health outcomes. The water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in Schools (WinS) program provides school-based interventions to address health concerns. The integration and practice of the One Health approach in schools may provide useful synergies for improved WinS program efficiency by harmonizing the multisectoral efforts of various stakeholders involved; therefore, this study aimed to revisit the WinS program using the One Health Lens. Materials and Methods: Qualitative methods employed included key informant interviews and focus groups to describe the status of WinS implementation in relation to community WASH and other health programs in the selected study sites using the One Health lens. Results: Good practices in WinS implementation, including public-private sector partnerships to finance construction of WinS facilities, recognition of outstanding schools and innovations to improve program measures, and intensified health education through multimedia channels, were identified. Challenges include deworming hesitancy, disruption of services due to pandemics and disasters, difficulties in sustainable financing of facilities and supplies, inclusive infrastructure, reaching Last Mile schools in Geographically Isolated, Disadvantaged, and Conflict Areas, and the need to connect WinS, community WASH, and other health programs. Conclusion: WASH has proven to be a viable vehicle for improving the health of people in schools and community settings. The study showed that health concerns require a concerted effort of public and private authorities. This study elicited the need to bridge the WASH program implemented in schools with community-based programs to ensure that policies are responsive and that logistic support is provided sustainably. Implementing the Universal Health Care Act and developing and using existing mechanisms for coordination between sectors, such as Healthy Learning Institutions, provide opportunities for aligning programs with the government health agenda. Keywords: one health approach, Philippines, WASH in communities, WASH in schools.