The 2019 Raikoke volcanic eruption – Part 1: Dispersion model simulations and satellite retrievals of volcanic sulfur dioxide

Volcanic eruptions can cause significant disruption to society, and numerical models are crucial for forecasting the dispersion of erupted material. Here we assess the skill and limitations of the Met Office's Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) in simulating the dispersion of the sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) cloud from the 21-22 June 2019 eruption of the Raikoke volcano (48.3.sup." N, 153.2.sup." E). The eruption emitted around 1.5±0.2 Tg of SO.sub.2, which represents the largest volcanic emission of SO.sub.2 into the stratosphere since the 2011 Nabro eruption. We simulate the temporal evolution of the volcanic SO.sub.2 cloud across the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and compare our model simulations to high-resolution SO.sub.2 measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite SO.sub.2 products.