Analysis of soil fertility and toxic metal characteristics in open-pit mining areas in northern Shaanxi

The study specifically focused on the Hongliulin mining area, where a total of 40 soil samples were meticulously collected and analyzed from within a 1000 m radius extending from the tailings dam. The findings revealed that soil pH within the 0–1000 m range generally leaned towards the alkaline side. In terms of soil nutrient content, encompassing factors such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), alkali nitrogen (AK), available phosphorus (AP), and quick-acting potassium (AK), the variations fell within the following ranges: 2.23–13.58 g/kg, 0.12–0.73 g/kg, 0.18–1.15 g/kg, 9.54–35.82 g/kg, 2.89–6.76 mg/kg, 3.45–11.25 mg/kg, and 5.86–130.9 mg/kg. Collectively, these values indicate relatively low levels of soil nutrients. Within the 0–500 m range of soil samples, the average concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, and As were 0.778, 0.198, 24.87, and 17.92 mg/kg, respectively. These concentrations exceeded the established soil background values of Shaanxi Province and emerged as the primary pollutants in the study area. Within this same range, the mean values of eight toxic metals (Pi) were ranked in the following descending order: 1.726 (Hg), 1.400 (As), 1.129 (Cr), 1.109 (Pb), 0.623 (Zn), 0.536 (Cd), 0.309 (Cu), and 0.289 (Ni). With the exception of Hg, As, Cr, and Pb, which exhibited slight pollution, the other toxic metals were found to be within acceptable pollution limits for this sampling range, in line with the results obtained using the geo-accumulation index method. The average potential ecological risk index for the eight toxic metals in the study area stood at 185.0, indicating a moderate overall pollution level. When assessing individual elements, the proportions of ecological risk attributed to Hg, As, Pb, and Cd were 34.57%, 27.44%, 25.11%, and 23.11%, respectively. This suggests that the primary potential ecological risk elements in the study area are Hg and As, followed by Cd and Pb. Notably, toxic metals Hg and Pb, as well as As and Pb, exhibited significant positive correlations within the sampling area, suggesting a common source. An analysis of the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and toxic metals indicated that soil pH, SOM, TN, and TP were closely linked to toxic metal concentrations. The toxic metal elements in the research area's soil exhibit moderate variability (0.16