Comparison of the therapeutic effects of endoscopic submucosal dissection and minimally invasive esophagectomy for T1 stage esophageal carcinoma

Background In recent years, diagnosis of early squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus has been increasingly emphasized. The application of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has enabled safe resection of esophageal lesions. Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is also safe and feasible for early stages of the cancer. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of early esophageal carcinoma treatment, and find the best predictive factor for the selection of treatment for T1a patients. Methods We performed a retrospective study of early‐stage patients admitted to Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between January 2015 and December 2018. A total of 128 patients underwent MIE, while 78 patients underwent ESD. The depth of the tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and complications were compared between the two groups. Results In the ESD group, 76.92% of the patients were stage T1a, while 34.38% in the MIE group were stage T1a. The lymph node metastasis rate was 16.41% in the MIE group (6.98% in T1a stage), which related to tumor differentiation, tumor length (≥37.5 mm), depth of invasion, and angiolymphatic invasion. However, the R0 resection rate was only 73.08% in the ESD group. Comprehensive analysis of all T1 patients in the two groups revealed that the positive margin was related to tumor differentiation, tumor width (≥13.5 mm), and depth of invasion (≥3.25 mm). Conclusion For early‐stage cases, lymph node metastasis and positive margins are risk factors affecting long‐term survival. Efficient predictive factors mentioned in our study would provide a proper indication for treatment strategy selection.