Spatial symmetry and contrasting controls of surface pH and aragonite saturation state in the western North Pacific

Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 causes a decrease in seawater pH and aragonite saturation state (Ω arag ), a process known as ocean acidification (OA). The western North Pacific is a hotspot for anthropogenic CO 2 sinks; however, the spatiotemporal variability of pH and Ω arag and their controlling mechanisms remain unexplored. In this study, we provide high-frequency and high-precision underway measurements of sea surface p CO 2 and pH to investigate the distribution and drivers of OA metrics across different hydrochemical gradients in the western North Pacific in late spring 2018, a season with the highest primary production in the year. Our results show that the surface pH reached near air-sea equilibrium in the subtropical zone but gradually increased northward across the Kuroshio Recirculation (KR) zone and peaked in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) zone. We found that sea surface temperature played the most prominent role in regulating pH, which was also counteracted by the effects of air–sea gas exchange and vertical mixing. In contrast, the distribution of Ω arag largely mirrored the pH and was governed by air–sea gas exchange and vertical mixing, the effects of which on Ω arag were enhanced by temperature. Biological activity thrived in the KE zone to increase both pH and Ω arag , which further reinforced the latitudinal pattern of pH, but weakened that of Ω arag . These findings are based on direct in situ measurements of pH and improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal variability of OA metrics in the western North Pacific region.