Lipopolysaccharide challenge following intravenous amino acid infusion in postpartum dairy cows: II. Clinical and inflammatory responses

Amino acids (AA) are integral nutrients for a functioning immune system. Postpartum cows experience AA deficits early postpartum that may influence the response to immune activation. This study investigated the clinical and inflammatory responses to a systemic inflammatory stimulus after a 4-d intravenous (IV) AA infusion with a mix of essential and nonessential AA designed to ameliorate the estimated metabolizable protein deficit in early postpartum cows. Our objectives were (1) to describe the clinical and inflammatory response to an acute IV lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in early postpartum cows, and (2) to compare these clinical and inflammatory responses between IV AA-treated and control cows. Cows (n = 14, 4 ± 1 d in milk) were continuously infused IV for 4 d in a matched-pair randomized controlled design and received 0.9% NaCl (CTRL) or IV AA (IVAA) to supply 1 g/kg of BW per day of combined essential and nonessential AA. After infusion ended, cows were challenged with IV LPS (0.0625 µg/kg of BW over 1 h), and serial blood samples were collected for complete blood cell counts and to quantify plasma cytokines and acute-phase proteins. Body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were monitored for 24 h during challenge. During challenge, maximum body temperature was greater in IVAA (41.3 ± 0.20°C) than in CTRL (40.6 ± 0.19°C). In both groups, respiratory rate increased during the first 2 h following challenge, whereas heart rate first decreased over the first 2 h and then increased to reach a maximum at 4 h. Acute leucopenia occurred within 1 h of challenge in both groups before leukocytosis was observed at 24 h, with white blood cell counts returning to baseline values within 72 h. Plasma haptoglobin and serum amyloid A concentrations increased 3-fold and 4-fold in both groups and peaked at 48 and 24 h following challenge, respectively. Plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10 increased within 1 h and peaked at 2 h following the start of challenge. Plasma IL-10 concentrations increased to a greater extent in CTRL compared with IVAA during challenge. Despite differences in IL-10 concentration, previous AA infusion did not alter the acute-phase protein response to LPS challenge. We conclude that AA infusion before systemic inflammatory challenge decreased the anti-inflammatory response but did not alter concentrations of other systemic markers of inflammation.