Embryo growth alteration and oxidative stress responses in germinating Cucurbita pepo seeds exposed to cadmium and copper toxicity

This study investigated the influence of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) heavy metals on germination, metabolism, and growth of zucchini seedlings ( Cucurbita pepo L.). Zucchini seeds were subjected to two concentrations (100 and 200 μM) of CdCl 2 and CuCl 2 . Germination parameters, biochemical and phytochemical attributes of embryonic axes were assessed. Results revealed that germination rate remained unaffected by heavy metals (Cd, Cu). However, seed vigor index (SVI) notably decreased under Cd and Cu exposure. Embryonic axis length and dry weight exhibited significant reductions, with variations depending on the type of metal used. Malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 content, as well as catalase activity, did not show a significant increase at the tested Cd and Cu concentrations. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased in embryonic axis tissues. Glutathione S -transferase activity significantly rose with 200 μM CdCl 2 , while glutathione content declined with increasing Cd and Cu concentrations. Total phenol content and antioxidant activity increased at 200 μM CuCl 2 . In conclusion, Cd and Cu heavy metals impede zucchini seed germination efficiency and trigger metabolic shifts in embryonic tissue cells. Response to metal stress is metal-specific and concentration-dependent. These findings contribute to understanding the intricate interactions between heavy metals and plant physiology, aiding strategies for mitigating their detrimental effects on plants.