Can high-fidelity 3D models be a good alternative for cadaveric materials in skill assessment for endoscopic sinus surgery? A comparison study in assessment for surgical performance in 3D models and cadavers

Traditionally formal assessment of surgical skills has not been part of a surgeon's accreditation process. The widely adopted apprentice model of "on-the-job training" does create additional risk for the patients. In the past surgical training has used cadavers, but these are expensive, require dedicated wet-lab facilities and are in increasingly short supply. In many countries religious and cultural practices also preclude cadaveric use. Recent 3D-printed technology allows mass reproduction of high-fidelity 3D models. In this study, we examined the utility of 3D sinus models compared to cadaver dissection for surgical skill assessment for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). A total of 17 otolaryngologists performed Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS) on 3D printed sinus models and then repeated these procedures on cadavers. Their surgical performance was assessed with the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) score for ESS and time was taken to complete an ESS procedure. Their performance on the 3D models and cadavers was compared. There were no significant differences in the OSATS score between 3D models and cadavers (50.41 ± 13.31 vs. 48.29 ± 16.01, = 0.36). There was a strong positive correlation between the score in 3D models and those in cadavers ( = 0.84,