Inhaled D-Limonene minimizes acute lung injury and reduces oxidative stress induced by smoke in rats

Despite some advances in the discovery of novel therapies, smoke inhalation injury remains a difficult to treat critical health issue due to its physiopathological complexity. Natural products, such as d-limonene (LIM), are becoming an important potential source of new treatments in many health problems. LIM has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and protective effects in respect of several diseases, including respiratory conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhaled LIM on acute smoke-induced lung injury in rats. Thirty minutes after smoke inhalation, adult male Wistar rats were treated with vehicle or LIM (0.01 mg/kg) for 30 min. Blood samples, and the liver, lungs, and trachea were collected for analysis. The results showed that LIM minimized the injuries, reducing oxidative and inflammatory damage by improving catalase (CAT) (p