Molecular and Metabolic Insights into Anthocyanin Biosynthesis for Spot Formation on Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii Flower Petals

Plants exhibit remarkable diversity in their petal colors through biosynthesis and the accumulation of various pigments. , an important cut and potted flower, has many coloring pattern variations, including bicolors and spots. To elucidate the mechanisms regulating spot formation in var. petals, we used multiple approaches to investigate the changes in petal carotenoids, spot anthocyanins, and gene expression dynamics. This included green petals without spots (D1-Pe and D1-Sp), yellow-green petals with purple spots (D2-Pe and D2-Sp), light-orange petals with dark-purple spots (D3-Pe and D3-Sp), and orange petals with dark-purple spots (D4-Pe and D4-Sp). D3-Pe and D4-Pe contained large amounts of capsanthin and capsorubin and small amounts of zeaxanthin and violaxanthin, which contributed to the orange color. In addition to cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, and peonidin-3-O-rutinoside may also contribute to var. 's petal spot colors. KEGs involved in flavonoid biosyntheses, such as , , and , were significantly upregulated in D2-Sp and D3-Sp, compared with D1-Sp, as well as in spots, compared with petals. Upregulated anthocyanin concentrations and biosynthesis-related genes promoted spot formation and color transition. Our results provide global insight into pigment accumulation and the regulatory mechanisms underlying spot formation during flower development in var. .