Interleukin-12 modulates sleep–wake activity and improves performance in a memory task

Background Cytokines, known for their pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, are also key regulators of sleep–wake cycles. Classical pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), are associated with increased sleep, particularly slow-wave sleep (SWS), while anti-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-10 (IL-10), generally reduce sleep duration. Given the essential role of sleep in memory consolidation, this study aimed to investigate whether interleukin-12 (IL-12), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, could increase sleep duration following a memory acquisition task and subsequently improve memory performance. Male Swiss mice were surgically implanted with electrodes for electrocorticogram (ECoG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings to track their sleep–wake cycles. After a recovery period, baseline sleep–wake activity was recorded. The mice were then randomly assigned to two groups and treated with either IL-12 (0.5 µg, i.p.) or a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, i.p.) control, administered immediately before the multiple-trial inhibitory avoidance (MTIA) task, a behavioral test used to assess memory performance. Following the memory acquisition session, sleep–wake activity was immediately recorded for a continuous 24-h period. Results Mice treated with IL-12 exhibited longer latency to cross into the dark compartment during the MTIA test, indicating improved memory retention compared to the control group. Interestingly, this improved performance was associated with prolonged wakefulness, particularly in the first three hours after task acquisition. Conclusion The study shows that IL-12 can improve memory retention through prolonged wake episodes rather than increased sleep. This finding challenges the conventional understanding that sleep is the primary state for memory consolidation, suggesting that under specific conditions, wakefulness may also play a key role in supporting memory processes. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of IL-12's cognitive effects.