First determination of some phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activities of Geranium ibericum subsp. jubatum: A plant endemic to Turkey

This paper includes the results of the first study about the phenolic characteristics and antimicrobial analyses of Geranium ibericum subsp. jubatum species found in Turkey. In the present work, the phenolic contents of different parts of the G. ibericum (flower, root, leaf) were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD (diode-array detector) and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS (mass spectrometry). The following phenolic compounds were investigated: catechin, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol. Based on the results obtained, the roots and flowers of the plant are found to be very rich in ellagic acid (3473.57 mu g g(-1) dry plant) and catechin (2228.76 mu g g(-1) dry plant). The amount of chlorogenic acid (54.570 mu g g(-1) dry plant) is also high in the roots. The amounts of protocatechuic acid (122.5 mu g g(-1) dry plant) and gallic acid (725.34 mu g g(-1) dry plant) are high in the leaves. In addition, the total extract of G. ibericum obtained from leaf, flower, and root was tested against 6 gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans. The G. ibericum extract was nearly as effective as commercial antibiotics at some concentrations (500-750 mu g mu L-1) for Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacillus cereus.