The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in Setting the Abundances of Molecular Species in the Milky Way’s Diffuse Interstellar Medium. I. Observational Constraints from ALMA and NOEMA
We have complemented existing observations of H i absorption with new observations of HCO + , C 2 H, HCN, and HNC absorption from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Northern Extended Millimeter Array in the directions of 20 background radio continuum sources with 4° ≤ ∣ b ∣ ≤ 8...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Astrophysical journal 2022-03, Vol.928 (1), p.79 |
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| creator | Rybarczyk, Daniel R. Stanimirović, Snežana Gong, Munan Babler, Brian Murray, Claire E. Gerin, Maryvonne Winters, Jan Martin Luo, Gan Dame, T. M. Steffes, Lucille |
| description | We have complemented existing observations of H
i
absorption with new observations of HCO
+
, C
2
H, HCN, and HNC absorption from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Northern Extended Millimeter Array in the directions of 20 background radio continuum sources with 4° ≤ ∣
b
∣ ≤ 81° to constrain the atomic gas conditions that are suitable for the formation of diffuse molecular gas. We find that these molecular species form along sightlines where
A
V
≳ 0.25, consistent with the threshold for the H
i
-to-H
2
transition at solar metallicity. Moreover, we find that molecular gas is associated only with structures that have an H
i
optical depth >0.1, a spin temperature |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5035 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac5035</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2644423289</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-b9d788b45810fd689cd81d34cdd794ba16e4118513a0183a9358351bf5c2e1163</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kcFu1DAQhiNEJZaWO0dLcEJka8dO4hyjpXRX2nQlWgQ3y4nt1kvWDrZTaW99jb5EH4onwVFQucBpNKPv_2dGf5K8RXCJKSnPUY5pSnBenvMuhzh_kSyeRy-TBYSQpAUuv79KXnu_n9qsqhbJ082dBF9sL4FV4EqOwfEerI_C2VtpgDbgWoagzS0Ikavb0QhuOuknuomqbuy5A9eD7HQcRnzCGt3_OIJv_Pjr4dGDT1qp0UuwMUE6H2Q_KRop9HhYgs0S7Fov3T0P2pq4emWNjzdoEzxQzh5AvW1qwI0AV7uLpj5LThTvvXzzp54mXz9f3KzW6XZ3uVnV27QjiIS0rURJaUtyiqASBa06QZHApBOirEjLUSEJQjRHmENEMa9wTnGOWpV3mUSowKfJh9n3jvdscPrA3ZFZrtm63jJt_MggLlGJMnyPIvxuhgdnf47SB7a3o4vfeJYVhJAMZ7SKFJypzlnvnVTPvgiyKUI25cWmvNgcYZS8nyXaDn89-bBnVUYZYmXFBqEi9vEf2H9dfwM0qKlB</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2644423289</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in Setting the Abundances of Molecular Species in the Milky Way’s Diffuse Interstellar Medium. I. Observational Constraints from ALMA and NOEMA</title><source>IOP Publishing Free Content</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Rybarczyk, Daniel R. ; Stanimirović, Snežana ; Gong, Munan ; Babler, Brian ; Murray, Claire E. ; Gerin, Maryvonne ; Winters, Jan Martin ; Luo, Gan ; Dame, T. M. ; Steffes, Lucille</creator><creatorcontrib>Rybarczyk, Daniel R. ; Stanimirović, Snežana ; Gong, Munan ; Babler, Brian ; Murray, Claire E. ; Gerin, Maryvonne ; Winters, Jan Martin ; Luo, Gan ; Dame, T. M. ; Steffes, Lucille</creatorcontrib><description>We have complemented existing observations of H
i
absorption with new observations of HCO
+
, C
2
H, HCN, and HNC absorption from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Northern Extended Millimeter Array in the directions of 20 background radio continuum sources with 4° ≤ ∣
b
∣ ≤ 81° to constrain the atomic gas conditions that are suitable for the formation of diffuse molecular gas. We find that these molecular species form along sightlines where
A
V
≳ 0.25, consistent with the threshold for the H
i
-to-H
2
transition at solar metallicity. Moreover, we find that molecular gas is associated only with structures that have an H
i
optical depth >0.1, a spin temperature <80 K, and a turbulent Mach number ≳ 2. We also identify a broad, faint component to the HCO
+
absorption in a majority of sightlines. Compared to the velocities where strong, narrow HCO
+
absorption is observed, the H
i
at these velocities has a lower cold neutral medium fraction and negligible CO emission. The relative column densities and linewidths of the different molecular species observed here are similar to those observed in previous experiments over a range of Galactic latitudes, suggesting that gas in the solar neighborhood and gas in the Galactic plane are chemically similar. For a select sample of previously observed sightlines, we show that the absorption line profiles of HCO
+
, HCN, HNC, and C
2
H are stable over periods of ∼3 yr and ∼25 yr, likely indicating that molecular gas structures in these directions are at least ≳100 au in size.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0004-637X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1538-4357</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5035</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Philadelphia: The American Astronomical Society</publisher><subject>Absorption ; Arrays ; Astrophysics ; Diffuse molecular clouds ; Diffusion ; Hydrogen ; Interstellar absorption ; Interstellar atomic gas ; Interstellar chemistry ; Interstellar matter ; Interstellar medium ; Interstellar phases ; Mach number ; Metallicity ; Milky Way ; Molecular gases ; Molecule formation ; Optical analysis ; Optical thickness ; Radio telescopes ; Sciences of the Universe ; Solar neighborhood ; Spin temperature</subject><ispartof>The Astrophysical journal, 2022-03, Vol.928 (1), p.79</ispartof><rights>2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.</rights><rights>2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Attribution</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-b9d788b45810fd689cd81d34cdd794ba16e4118513a0183a9358351bf5c2e1163</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-b9d788b45810fd689cd81d34cdd794ba16e4118513a0183a9358351bf5c2e1163</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1583-8514 ; 0000-0003-1613-6263 ; 0000-0002-3418-7817 ; 0000-0002-6984-5752 ; 0000-0002-7743-8129 ; 0000-0002-2418-7952 ; 0000-0003-0109-2392 ; 0000-0001-6114-9173 ; 0000-0002-9512-5492 ; 0000-0003-3351-6831</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5035/pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Giop$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,860,881,27903,27904,38869,53845</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://insu.hal.science/insu-03717123$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rybarczyk, Daniel R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stanimirović, Snežana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gong, Munan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babler, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Claire E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerin, Maryvonne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winters, Jan Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luo, Gan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dame, T. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steffes, Lucille</creatorcontrib><title>The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in Setting the Abundances of Molecular Species in the Milky Way’s Diffuse Interstellar Medium. I. Observational Constraints from ALMA and NOEMA</title><title>The Astrophysical journal</title><addtitle>APJ</addtitle><addtitle>Astrophys. J</addtitle><description>We have complemented existing observations of H
i
absorption with new observations of HCO
+
, C
2
H, HCN, and HNC absorption from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Northern Extended Millimeter Array in the directions of 20 background radio continuum sources with 4° ≤ ∣
b
∣ ≤ 81° to constrain the atomic gas conditions that are suitable for the formation of diffuse molecular gas. We find that these molecular species form along sightlines where
A
V
≳ 0.25, consistent with the threshold for the H
i
-to-H
2
transition at solar metallicity. Moreover, we find that molecular gas is associated only with structures that have an H
i
optical depth >0.1, a spin temperature <80 K, and a turbulent Mach number ≳ 2. We also identify a broad, faint component to the HCO
+
absorption in a majority of sightlines. Compared to the velocities where strong, narrow HCO
+
absorption is observed, the H
i
at these velocities has a lower cold neutral medium fraction and negligible CO emission. The relative column densities and linewidths of the different molecular species observed here are similar to those observed in previous experiments over a range of Galactic latitudes, suggesting that gas in the solar neighborhood and gas in the Galactic plane are chemically similar. For a select sample of previously observed sightlines, we show that the absorption line profiles of HCO
+
, HCN, HNC, and C
2
H are stable over periods of ∼3 yr and ∼25 yr, likely indicating that molecular gas structures in these directions are at least ≳100 au in size.</description><subject>Absorption</subject><subject>Arrays</subject><subject>Astrophysics</subject><subject>Diffuse molecular clouds</subject><subject>Diffusion</subject><subject>Hydrogen</subject><subject>Interstellar absorption</subject><subject>Interstellar atomic gas</subject><subject>Interstellar chemistry</subject><subject>Interstellar matter</subject><subject>Interstellar medium</subject><subject>Interstellar phases</subject><subject>Mach number</subject><subject>Metallicity</subject><subject>Milky Way</subject><subject>Molecular gases</subject><subject>Molecule formation</subject><subject>Optical analysis</subject><subject>Optical thickness</subject><subject>Radio telescopes</subject><subject>Sciences of the Universe</subject><subject>Solar neighborhood</subject><subject>Spin temperature</subject><issn>0004-637X</issn><issn>1538-4357</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>O3W</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kcFu1DAQhiNEJZaWO0dLcEJka8dO4hyjpXRX2nQlWgQ3y4nt1kvWDrZTaW99jb5EH4onwVFQucBpNKPv_2dGf5K8RXCJKSnPUY5pSnBenvMuhzh_kSyeRy-TBYSQpAUuv79KXnu_n9qsqhbJ082dBF9sL4FV4EqOwfEerI_C2VtpgDbgWoagzS0Ikavb0QhuOuknuomqbuy5A9eD7HQcRnzCGt3_OIJv_Pjr4dGDT1qp0UuwMUE6H2Q_KRop9HhYgs0S7Fov3T0P2pq4emWNjzdoEzxQzh5AvW1qwI0AV7uLpj5LThTvvXzzp54mXz9f3KzW6XZ3uVnV27QjiIS0rURJaUtyiqASBa06QZHApBOirEjLUSEJQjRHmENEMa9wTnGOWpV3mUSowKfJh9n3jvdscPrA3ZFZrtm63jJt_MggLlGJMnyPIvxuhgdnf47SB7a3o4vfeJYVhJAMZ7SKFJypzlnvnVTPvgiyKUI25cWmvNgcYZS8nyXaDn89-bBnVUYZYmXFBqEi9vEf2H9dfwM0qKlB</recordid><startdate>20220301</startdate><enddate>20220301</enddate><creator>Rybarczyk, Daniel R.</creator><creator>Stanimirović, Snežana</creator><creator>Gong, Munan</creator><creator>Babler, Brian</creator><creator>Murray, Claire E.</creator><creator>Gerin, Maryvonne</creator><creator>Winters, Jan Martin</creator><creator>Luo, Gan</creator><creator>Dame, T. M.</creator><creator>Steffes, Lucille</creator><general>The American Astronomical Society</general><general>IOP Publishing</general><general>American Astronomical Society</general><scope>O3W</scope><scope>TSCCA</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-8514</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-6263</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-7817</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6984-5752</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7743-8129</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-7952</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0109-2392</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6114-9173</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-5492</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3351-6831</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220301</creationdate><title>The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in Setting the Abundances of Molecular Species in the Milky Way’s Diffuse Interstellar Medium. I. Observational Constraints from ALMA and NOEMA</title><author>Rybarczyk, Daniel R. ; Stanimirović, Snežana ; Gong, Munan ; Babler, Brian ; Murray, Claire E. ; Gerin, Maryvonne ; Winters, Jan Martin ; Luo, Gan ; Dame, T. M. ; Steffes, Lucille</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-b9d788b45810fd689cd81d34cdd794ba16e4118513a0183a9358351bf5c2e1163</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Absorption</topic><topic>Arrays</topic><topic>Astrophysics</topic><topic>Diffuse molecular clouds</topic><topic>Diffusion</topic><topic>Hydrogen</topic><topic>Interstellar absorption</topic><topic>Interstellar atomic gas</topic><topic>Interstellar chemistry</topic><topic>Interstellar matter</topic><topic>Interstellar medium</topic><topic>Interstellar phases</topic><topic>Mach number</topic><topic>Metallicity</topic><topic>Milky Way</topic><topic>Molecular gases</topic><topic>Molecule formation</topic><topic>Optical analysis</topic><topic>Optical thickness</topic><topic>Radio telescopes</topic><topic>Sciences of the Universe</topic><topic>Solar neighborhood</topic><topic>Spin temperature</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rybarczyk, Daniel R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stanimirović, Snežana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gong, Munan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babler, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Claire E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerin, Maryvonne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winters, Jan Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luo, Gan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dame, T. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steffes, Lucille</creatorcontrib><collection>IOP Publishing Free Content</collection><collection>IOPscience (Open Access)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><jtitle>The Astrophysical journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rybarczyk, Daniel R.</au><au>Stanimirović, Snežana</au><au>Gong, Munan</au><au>Babler, Brian</au><au>Murray, Claire E.</au><au>Gerin, Maryvonne</au><au>Winters, Jan Martin</au><au>Luo, Gan</au><au>Dame, T. M.</au><au>Steffes, Lucille</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in Setting the Abundances of Molecular Species in the Milky Way’s Diffuse Interstellar Medium. I. Observational Constraints from ALMA and NOEMA</atitle><jtitle>The Astrophysical journal</jtitle><stitle>APJ</stitle><addtitle>Astrophys. J</addtitle><date>2022-03-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>928</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>79</spage><pages>79-</pages><issn>0004-637X</issn><eissn>1538-4357</eissn><abstract>We have complemented existing observations of H
i
absorption with new observations of HCO
+
, C
2
H, HCN, and HNC absorption from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Northern Extended Millimeter Array in the directions of 20 background radio continuum sources with 4° ≤ ∣
b
∣ ≤ 81° to constrain the atomic gas conditions that are suitable for the formation of diffuse molecular gas. We find that these molecular species form along sightlines where
A
V
≳ 0.25, consistent with the threshold for the H
i
-to-H
2
transition at solar metallicity. Moreover, we find that molecular gas is associated only with structures that have an H
i
optical depth >0.1, a spin temperature <80 K, and a turbulent Mach number ≳ 2. We also identify a broad, faint component to the HCO
+
absorption in a majority of sightlines. Compared to the velocities where strong, narrow HCO
+
absorption is observed, the H
i
at these velocities has a lower cold neutral medium fraction and negligible CO emission. The relative column densities and linewidths of the different molecular species observed here are similar to those observed in previous experiments over a range of Galactic latitudes, suggesting that gas in the solar neighborhood and gas in the Galactic plane are chemically similar. For a select sample of previously observed sightlines, we show that the absorption line profiles of HCO
+
, HCN, HNC, and C
2
H are stable over periods of ∼3 yr and ∼25 yr, likely indicating that molecular gas structures in these directions are at least ≳100 au in size.</abstract><cop>Philadelphia</cop><pub>The American Astronomical Society</pub><doi>10.3847/1538-4357/ac5035</doi><tpages>20</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-8514</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-6263</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-7817</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6984-5752</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7743-8129</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-7952</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0109-2392</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6114-9173</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-5492</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3351-6831</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0004-637X |
| ispartof | The Astrophysical journal, 2022-03, Vol.928 (1), p.79 |
| issn | 0004-637X 1538-4357 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac5035 |
| source | IOP Publishing Free Content; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Absorption Arrays Astrophysics Diffuse molecular clouds Diffusion Hydrogen Interstellar absorption Interstellar atomic gas Interstellar chemistry Interstellar matter Interstellar medium Interstellar phases Mach number Metallicity Milky Way Molecular gases Molecule formation Optical analysis Optical thickness Radio telescopes Sciences of the Universe Solar neighborhood Spin temperature |
| title | The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in Setting the Abundances of Molecular Species in the Milky Way’s Diffuse Interstellar Medium. I. Observational Constraints from ALMA and NOEMA |
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