ALMA Observations Reveal No Preferred Outflow-filament and Outflow-magnetic Field Orientations in Protoclusters

We present a statistical study of the orientation of outflows with respect to large-scale filaments and magnetic fields. Although filaments are widely observed toward Galactic star-forming regions, the exact role of filaments in star formation is unclear. Studies toward low-mass star-forming regions revealed both preferred and random orientations of outflows with respect to the filament long axes, while outflows in massive star-forming regions are mostly oriented perpendicular to the host filaments and parallel to the magnetic fields at similar physical scales. Here, we explore outflows in a sample of 11 protoclusters in H ii regions, a more evolved stage compared to infared dark clouds, using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array CO (3-2) line observations. We identify a total of 105 outflow lobes in these protoclusters. Among the 11 targets, 7 are embedded within parsec-scale filamentary structures detected in 13CO line and 870 m continuum emissions. The angles between outflow axes and corresponding filaments (γFil) do not show any hint of preferred orientations (i.e., orthogonal or parallel as inferred in numerical models) with respect to the position angle of the filaments. Identified outflow lobes are also not correlated with the magnetic fields and Galactic plane position angles. Outflows associated with filaments aligned along the large-scale magnetic fields are also randomly oriented. Our study presents the first statistical results of outflow orientation with respect to large-scale filaments and magnetic fields in evolved massive star-forming regions. The random distribution suggests a lack of alignment of outflows with filaments, which may be a result of the evolutionary stage of the clusters.