Combined Effect of Nicotine and Caffeine on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Rats

Background: The individual effects of nicotine and caffeine have been reported in previous studies but their combined effect on tooth movement needs to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of nicotine and caffeine on the magnitude of orthodontic tooth moveme...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of Islamabad Medical and Dental College (Online) 2020-06, Vol.9 (2), p.109-114
Hauptverfasser:	MURTAZA, NAEEM, HAMID, WAHEED UL, SHAMIM, AHMAD, HUSSAIN, SHABBIR, Azeem, Muhammad, SADIQ, MUHAMMAD NAUMAN
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
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