Changes in Soil's Chemical and Biochemical Properties Induced by Road Geometry in the Hyrcanian Temperate Forests
Forest roads play an important role in providing access to forest resources. However, they can significantly impact the adjacent soil and vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of road geometry (RG) on the chemical and biochemical properties of adjacent soils to assist in environmental...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Forests 2021-12, Vol.12 (12), p.1805, Article 1805 |
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| creator | Rahbarisisakht, Saeid Moayeri, Mohammad Hadi Hayati, Elyas Sadeghi, Seyed Mohammad Moein Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian Pahlavani, Mohammad Hadi Kappel Schmidt, Inger Borz, Stelian Alexandru |
| description | Forest roads play an important role in providing access to forest resources. However, they can significantly impact the adjacent soil and vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of road geometry (RG) on the chemical and biochemical properties of adjacent soils to assist in environmentally friendly forest road planning in mountainous areas. Litter layer, canopy cover, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, total nitrogen (TN), the activity of dehydrogenase (DHA), and urease (UA) enzymes at a 0-20 cm soil depth were measured by sampling at various distances from the road edge to 100 m into the forest interior. The measurements were done for three road geometries (RG), namely straight, curved, and bent roads, to ensure data heterogeneity and to reflect the main geometric features of the forest roads. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effects of RG on the measured variables were statistically significant. Spearman's correlation test clearly showed a strong positive correlation between environmental conditions, SOC, TN, DHA, and UA for given RGs. Based on piecewise linear regression analysis, the down slope direction of the straight and the inside direction of bent roads accounted for the lowest and highest ranges of ecological effects, respectively. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the environmental effects brought about by road geometry, which can be important for forest road managers when applying the best management practices. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/f12121805 |
| format | Article |
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However, they can significantly impact the adjacent soil and vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of road geometry (RG) on the chemical and biochemical properties of adjacent soils to assist in environmentally friendly forest road planning in mountainous areas. Litter layer, canopy cover, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, total nitrogen (TN), the activity of dehydrogenase (DHA), and urease (UA) enzymes at a 0-20 cm soil depth were measured by sampling at various distances from the road edge to 100 m into the forest interior. The measurements were done for three road geometries (RG), namely straight, curved, and bent roads, to ensure data heterogeneity and to reflect the main geometric features of the forest roads. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effects of RG on the measured variables were statistically significant. Spearman's correlation test clearly showed a strong positive correlation between environmental conditions, SOC, TN, DHA, and UA for given RGs. Based on piecewise linear regression analysis, the down slope direction of the straight and the inside direction of bent roads accounted for the lowest and highest ranges of ecological effects, respectively. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the environmental effects brought about by road geometry, which can be important for forest road managers when applying the best management practices.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1999-4907</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1999-4907</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/f12121805</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BASEL: Mdpi</publisher><subject>Best management practices ; biogeochemistry ; Carbon ; Decomposition ; Ecological effects ; Environmental conditions ; Environmental effects ; enzyme ; Enzymes ; Forest management ; Forest resources ; forest road ; Forest soils ; Forestry ; Forests ; Geometry ; Heterogeneity ; Infrastructure ; Laboratories ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Mountainous areas ; Nitrogen ; Organic carbon ; Organic soils ; Regression analysis ; Roads ; Roads & highways ; Science & Technology ; soil ; Soil chemistry ; Soil depth ; Soil layers ; Soil properties ; Soils ; Statistical analysis ; Temperate forests ; total nitrogen ; Urease ; Variance analysis ; Vegetation</subject><ispartof>Forests, 2021-12, Vol.12 (12), p.1805, Article 1805</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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However, they can significantly impact the adjacent soil and vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of road geometry (RG) on the chemical and biochemical properties of adjacent soils to assist in environmentally friendly forest road planning in mountainous areas. Litter layer, canopy cover, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, total nitrogen (TN), the activity of dehydrogenase (DHA), and urease (UA) enzymes at a 0-20 cm soil depth were measured by sampling at various distances from the road edge to 100 m into the forest interior. The measurements were done for three road geometries (RG), namely straight, curved, and bent roads, to ensure data heterogeneity and to reflect the main geometric features of the forest roads. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effects of RG on the measured variables were statistically significant. Spearman's correlation test clearly showed a strong positive correlation between environmental conditions, SOC, TN, DHA, and UA for given RGs. Based on piecewise linear regression analysis, the down slope direction of the straight and the inside direction of bent roads accounted for the lowest and highest ranges of ecological effects, respectively. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the environmental effects brought about by road geometry, which can be important for forest road managers when applying the best management practices.</description><subject>Best management practices</subject><subject>biogeochemistry</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Decomposition</subject><subject>Ecological effects</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Environmental effects</subject><subject>enzyme</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Forest management</subject><subject>Forest resources</subject><subject>forest road</subject><subject>Forest soils</subject><subject>Forestry</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Geometry</subject><subject>Heterogeneity</subject><subject>Infrastructure</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Mountainous areas</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Organic carbon</subject><subject>Organic soils</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Roads</subject><subject>Roads & highways</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>soil</subject><subject>Soil chemistry</subject><subject>Soil depth</subject><subject>Soil layers</subject><subject>Soil properties</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Temperate forests</subject><subject>total nitrogen</subject><subject>Urease</subject><subject>Variance analysis</subject><subject>Vegetation</subject><issn>1999-4907</issn><issn>1999-4907</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNUcFuGyEUXFWN1CjNIX-A1ENVVW5g2WXh2KzqxFKkVonv6PkBMZYNDmBV_vvguLVyDBx4D80M85imuWL0B-eKXjvW1i1p_6E5Z0qpSafo8PFN_am5zHlF6-oHqdruvHkelxCebCY-kMfo118zGZd24xHWBIIhNz7i__5Pilubiq_oWTA7tIYs9uQhgiG3Nm5sSfuDTFlacrdPCMFDIHO7qSQolkxjsrnkz82Zg3W2l__Oi2Y-_TUf7yb3v29n48_7CfJelklHXSelk9wZ2XIHCpyiPRucYK3E2i9aBM6lcM7ggFQBLpQB00uBPTf8opkdZU2Eld4mv4G01xG8fr2I6UlDnQXXVtev4IOgygouux6ZVIoLRQVtDRUCRdX6ctTapvi8q0PoVdylUN3rttoZqkHWVdS3IwpTzDlZd3qVUX3IR5_yqVh5xP61i-gyehvQnvA1n4FLpnp5iIqNvkDxMYxxF0qlfn8_lb8A1nmhcQ</recordid><startdate>20211201</startdate><enddate>20211201</enddate><creator>Rahbarisisakht, Saeid</creator><creator>Moayeri, Mohammad Hadi</creator><creator>Hayati, Elyas</creator><creator>Sadeghi, Seyed Mohammad Moein</creator><creator>Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian</creator><creator>Pahlavani, Mohammad Hadi</creator><creator>Kappel Schmidt, Inger</creator><creator>Borz, Stelian Alexandru</creator><general>Mdpi</general><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5562-6770</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1681-2877</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8463-6396</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-7189</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4571-7235</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211201</creationdate><title>Changes in Soil's Chemical and Biochemical Properties Induced by Road Geometry in the Hyrcanian Temperate Forests</title><author>Rahbarisisakht, Saeid ; 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| subjects | Best management practices biogeochemistry Carbon Decomposition Ecological effects Environmental conditions Environmental effects enzyme Enzymes Forest management Forest resources forest road Forest soils Forestry Forests Geometry Heterogeneity Infrastructure Laboratories Life Sciences & Biomedicine Mountainous areas Nitrogen Organic carbon Organic soils Regression analysis Roads Roads & highways Science & Technology soil Soil chemistry Soil depth Soil layers Soil properties Soils Statistical analysis Temperate forests total nitrogen Urease Variance analysis Vegetation |
| title | Changes in Soil's Chemical and Biochemical Properties Induced by Road Geometry in the Hyrcanian Temperate Forests |
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