Impacts of Environmental Agreements on Bilateral Trade of Climate Industry
We investigated the effect of agreements related to climate change on bilateral trade, using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator on a large dataset that requires computing high-dimensional fixed effects. This study develops the concordance between commodities based on harmonized s...
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description | We investigated the effect of agreements related to climate change on bilateral trade, using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator on a large dataset that requires computing high-dimensional fixed effects. This study develops the concordance between commodities based on harmonized systems (HS) and technologies defined by both international and cooperative patent classifications (IPC/CPC). Using the OECD ENV-TECH classification, covering 169 exporting countries and 179 importing countries worldwide from 1991 to 2019, we determined the relationship between HS commodities and IPC/CPC climate change technologies. The main findings show that, first, the Kyoto Protocol has increased international bilateral trade in the climate change industry, while the Montreal Protocol has led to the opposite effect. In addition, the impact of environmental stringency on international bilateral trade in climate-related industries was negative and significant, refuting the Porter Hypothesis. This result was consistent within the trade between the convention countries. Therefore, national and industrial perspectives are relative, and voluntary climate mitigation methods should be applied, considering the areas where carbon reduction is relatively difficult. In other words, the conventions and policies must shift to a global paradigm in environmental protection and a more inclusive approach, with recognition of diversity in governance types. |
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This study develops the concordance between commodities based on harmonized systems (HS) and technologies defined by both international and cooperative patent classifications (IPC/CPC). Using the OECD ENV-TECH classification, covering 169 exporting countries and 179 importing countries worldwide from 1991 to 2019, we determined the relationship between HS commodities and IPC/CPC climate change technologies. The main findings show that, first, the Kyoto Protocol has increased international bilateral trade in the climate change industry, while the Montreal Protocol has led to the opposite effect. In addition, the impact of environmental stringency on international bilateral trade in climate-related industries was negative and significant, refuting the Porter Hypothesis. This result was consistent within the trade between the convention countries. Therefore, national and industrial perspectives are relative, and voluntary climate mitigation methods should be applied, considering the areas where carbon reduction is relatively difficult. In other words, the conventions and policies must shift to a global paradigm in environmental protection and a more inclusive approach, with recognition of diversity in governance types.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1073</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1073</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/en14217277</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BASEL: Mdpi</publisher><subject>Clean technology ; Climate change ; Climate change mitigation ; Climate effects ; Commodities ; Energy & Fuels ; environmental agreements ; Environmental policy ; Environmental protection ; Exports ; gravity model ; Greenhouse effect ; International agreements ; International trade ; Kyoto Protocol ; Maximum likelihood estimators ; Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood ; Productivity ; Science & Technology ; Tax rates ; Technology</subject><ispartof>Energies (Basel), 2021-11, Vol.14 (21), p.7277, Article 7277</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>1</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000718477700001</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-65ebd582efe5cd0bff935445707385919a2c607d2e3ff9f2be27e42b63250af73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-65ebd582efe5cd0bff935445707385919a2c607d2e3ff9f2be27e42b63250af73</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1784-6304 ; 0000-0002-9316-5220</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,866,2104,2116,27931,27932,39264,39265</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kang, Sung Jin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Sun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Seon Ju</creatorcontrib><title>Impacts of Environmental Agreements on Bilateral Trade of Climate Industry</title><title>Energies (Basel)</title><addtitle>ENERGIES</addtitle><description>We investigated the effect of agreements related to climate change on bilateral trade, using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator on a large dataset that requires computing high-dimensional fixed effects. 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In other words, the conventions and policies must shift to a global paradigm in environmental protection and a more inclusive approach, with recognition of diversity in governance types.</description><subject>Clean technology</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climate change mitigation</subject><subject>Climate effects</subject><subject>Commodities</subject><subject>Energy & Fuels</subject><subject>environmental agreements</subject><subject>Environmental policy</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Exports</subject><subject>gravity model</subject><subject>Greenhouse effect</subject><subject>International agreements</subject><subject>International trade</subject><subject>Kyoto Protocol</subject><subject>Maximum likelihood estimators</subject><subject>Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood</subject><subject>Productivity</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Tax rates</subject><subject>Technology</subject><issn>1996-1073</issn><issn>1996-1073</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>GIZIO</sourceid><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU9LAzEQxRdRUKoXP8GCN6Wav5vNsS5VKwUveg7Z7ES2bJOapIrf3qyV6tFcMsz88ubxUhTnGF1TKtENOMwIFkSIg-IES1lNMRL08E99XJzFuEL5UIoppSfF42K90SbF0tty7t774N0aXNJDOXsNAGOdZ6687QedIOT-c9AdjHgz9OvcKxeu28YUPk-LI6uHCGc_96R4uZs_Nw_T5dP9opktp4ZWOE0rDm3HawIWuOlQa62knDEusr-aSyw1MRUSHQGaR5a0QAQw0laUcKStoJNisdPtvF6pTcguwqfyulffDR9elQ6pNwMogYDXdY06yghjBrSwQktmKguSiJpnrYud1ib4ty3EpFZ-G1y2rwiXFaKkkiN1uaNM8DEGsPutGKkxevUbfYavdvAHtN5G04MzsH-Qoxe4ZkKI8Rdwpuv_002fdOq9a_zWJfoFD2OVFA</recordid><startdate>20211101</startdate><enddate>20211101</enddate><creator>Kang, Sung Jin</creator><creator>Lee, Sun</creator><creator>Lee, Seon Ju</creator><general>Mdpi</general><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>17B</scope><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>DVR</scope><scope>EGQ</scope><scope>GIZIO</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1784-6304</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9316-5220</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211101</creationdate><title>Impacts of Environmental Agreements on Bilateral Trade of Climate Industry</title><author>Kang, Sung Jin ; 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subjects | Clean technology Climate change Climate change mitigation Climate effects Commodities Energy & Fuels environmental agreements Environmental policy Environmental protection Exports gravity model Greenhouse effect International agreements International trade Kyoto Protocol Maximum likelihood estimators Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood Productivity Science & Technology Tax rates Technology |
title | Impacts of Environmental Agreements on Bilateral Trade of Climate Industry |
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