Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren
Soft drink consumption is suspected to negatively impact bone health in children, but longitudinal evidence is limited. This study assessed the association between soft drink intake and bone health outcomes in Danish schoolchildren aged 7.7-12 years, within a physical activity intervention framework...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Children (Basel) 2024-12, Vol.12 (1), p.43 |
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| creator | Hermansen, Helene Händel, Mina Nicole Heidemann, Malene Søborg Wedderkopp, Niels |
| description | Soft drink consumption is suspected to negatively impact bone health in children, but longitudinal evidence is limited. This study assessed the association between soft drink intake and bone health outcomes in Danish schoolchildren aged 7.7-12 years, within a physical activity intervention framework.
This study was nested in the CHAMPS-DK trial, a quasi-experimental study. Participants (
= 529) were recruited from intervention schools offering 270 min of physical education (PE) per week (active arm) and control schools with 90 min of standard PE. Soft drink intake was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Area (BA), and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at baseline and two-year follow-up (primary outcomes). Fracture incidence over a five-year period was recorded using the SMS-Track parental reporting system (secondary outcome). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and Weibull survival models were used to analyze associations.
Soft drink intake of more than twice per month did not significantly affect BMC, BA, or BMD over two years (Total body BMD:
= 0.004; 95% CI: (-0.007; 0.016). Adjustment for confounders such as age, sex, BMI, pubertal status, socioeconomic status, and physical activity did not change the results. Additionally, no significant difference in fracture risk was observed (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.43; 1.71]).
Soft drink intake had no measurable impact on bone health indices or fracture risk in children, irrespective of PE intervention. Future studies should investigate the effects of specific soft drink types (carbonated vs. non-carbonated) on bone development. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/children12010043 |
| format | Article |
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This study was nested in the CHAMPS-DK trial, a quasi-experimental study. Participants (
= 529) were recruited from intervention schools offering 270 min of physical education (PE) per week (active arm) and control schools with 90 min of standard PE. Soft drink intake was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Area (BA), and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at baseline and two-year follow-up (primary outcomes). Fracture incidence over a five-year period was recorded using the SMS-Track parental reporting system (secondary outcome). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and Weibull survival models were used to analyze associations.
Soft drink intake of more than twice per month did not significantly affect BMC, BA, or BMD over two years (Total body BMD:
= 0.004; 95% CI: (-0.007; 0.016). Adjustment for confounders such as age, sex, BMI, pubertal status, socioeconomic status, and physical activity did not change the results. Additionally, no significant difference in fracture risk was observed (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.43; 1.71]).
Soft drink intake had no measurable impact on bone health indices or fracture risk in children, irrespective of PE intervention. Future studies should investigate the effects of specific soft drink types (carbonated vs. non-carbonated) on bone development.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2227-9067</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2227-9067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/children12010043</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39857874</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Beverages ; BMD ; Body mass index ; bone health ; Bones ; Caffeine ; Childhood ; Children & youth ; Cohort analysis ; Data collection ; Energy drinks ; fracture risk ; Fractures ; Injuries ; longitudinal study ; Nutrition research ; Physical education ; Puberty ; Questionnaires ; Schools ; Soft drinks ; Sports drinks ; Text messaging</subject><ispartof>Children (Basel), 2024-12, Vol.12 (1), p.43</ispartof><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2893-38f8a1c6dda830226b77b49a7fd0255c84c4f566b4511886c0c93332b0470e1a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9660-6618 ; 0000-0001-8256-8756</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11763977/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11763977/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39857874$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hermansen, Helene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Händel, Mina Nicole</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heidemann, Malene Søborg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wedderkopp, Niels</creatorcontrib><title>Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren</title><title>Children (Basel)</title><addtitle>Children (Basel)</addtitle><description>Soft drink consumption is suspected to negatively impact bone health in children, but longitudinal evidence is limited. This study assessed the association between soft drink intake and bone health outcomes in Danish schoolchildren aged 7.7-12 years, within a physical activity intervention framework.
This study was nested in the CHAMPS-DK trial, a quasi-experimental study. Participants (
= 529) were recruited from intervention schools offering 270 min of physical education (PE) per week (active arm) and control schools with 90 min of standard PE. Soft drink intake was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Area (BA), and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at baseline and two-year follow-up (primary outcomes). Fracture incidence over a five-year period was recorded using the SMS-Track parental reporting system (secondary outcome). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and Weibull survival models were used to analyze associations.
Soft drink intake of more than twice per month did not significantly affect BMC, BA, or BMD over two years (Total body BMD:
= 0.004; 95% CI: (-0.007; 0.016). Adjustment for confounders such as age, sex, BMI, pubertal status, socioeconomic status, and physical activity did not change the results. Additionally, no significant difference in fracture risk was observed (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.43; 1.71]).
Soft drink intake had no measurable impact on bone health indices or fracture risk in children, irrespective of PE intervention. Future studies should investigate the effects of specific soft drink types (carbonated vs. non-carbonated) on bone development.</description><subject>Beverages</subject><subject>BMD</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>bone health</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Caffeine</subject><subject>Childhood</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Data collection</subject><subject>Energy drinks</subject><subject>fracture risk</subject><subject>Fractures</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>longitudinal study</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Physical education</subject><subject>Puberty</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Soft drinks</subject><subject>Sports drinks</subject><subject>Text messaging</subject><issn>2227-9067</issn><issn>2227-9067</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNpdks1rFDEYxoMottTee5KAFy-r-f44ie62ulAQ1J5DJsl0sjuTrMlMof99Z7ttaXtKSJ7nx_O-PACcYfSFUo2-ui72voSECcIIMfoGHBNC5EIjId8-ux-B01o3CCFMCSdKvgdHVCsulWTHYLMedtaNMLfwb25HuCoxbeE6jXYbYE7wR04BrsJN6PNuCGmENnn4J9bt3nFRZutUQoUxQQtXNsXawWXucjkQXZdz_5jzA3jX2r6G04fzBFxdnP9b_lpc_v65Xn6_XDiiNF1Q1SqLnfDeKooIEY2UDdNWth4Rzp1ijrVciIZxjJUSDjlNKSUNYhIFbOkJWB-4PtuN2ZU42HJrso3m_iGXa2PLGF0fjCCYOW-5pkIwr7nSDvG2cY5yL3zYs74dWLupGYJ38waK7V9AX_6k2JnrfGMwloJqKWfC5wdCyf-nUEczxOpC39sU8lQNxVxLPU-AZumnV9JNnkqad3WvonM-zGYVOqhcybWW0D6lwcjsi2FeF2O2fHw-xZPhsQb0DknPtEM</recordid><startdate>20241230</startdate><enddate>20241230</enddate><creator>Hermansen, Helene</creator><creator>Händel, Mina Nicole</creator><creator>Heidemann, Malene Søborg</creator><creator>Wedderkopp, Niels</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9660-6618</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-8756</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241230</creationdate><title>Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren</title><author>Hermansen, Helene ; Händel, Mina Nicole ; Heidemann, Malene Søborg ; Wedderkopp, Niels</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2893-38f8a1c6dda830226b77b49a7fd0255c84c4f566b4511886c0c93332b0470e1a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Beverages</topic><topic>BMD</topic><topic>Body mass index</topic><topic>bone health</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Caffeine</topic><topic>Childhood</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Data collection</topic><topic>Energy drinks</topic><topic>fracture risk</topic><topic>Fractures</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>longitudinal study</topic><topic>Nutrition research</topic><topic>Physical education</topic><topic>Puberty</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Schools</topic><topic>Soft drinks</topic><topic>Sports drinks</topic><topic>Text messaging</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hermansen, Helene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Händel, Mina Nicole</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heidemann, Malene Søborg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wedderkopp, Niels</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Children (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hermansen, Helene</au><au>Händel, Mina Nicole</au><au>Heidemann, Malene Søborg</au><au>Wedderkopp, Niels</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren</atitle><jtitle>Children (Basel)</jtitle><addtitle>Children (Basel)</addtitle><date>2024-12-30</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>43</spage><pages>43-</pages><issn>2227-9067</issn><eissn>2227-9067</eissn><abstract>Soft drink consumption is suspected to negatively impact bone health in children, but longitudinal evidence is limited. This study assessed the association between soft drink intake and bone health outcomes in Danish schoolchildren aged 7.7-12 years, within a physical activity intervention framework.
This study was nested in the CHAMPS-DK trial, a quasi-experimental study. Participants (
= 529) were recruited from intervention schools offering 270 min of physical education (PE) per week (active arm) and control schools with 90 min of standard PE. Soft drink intake was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Area (BA), and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at baseline and two-year follow-up (primary outcomes). Fracture incidence over a five-year period was recorded using the SMS-Track parental reporting system (secondary outcome). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and Weibull survival models were used to analyze associations.
Soft drink intake of more than twice per month did not significantly affect BMC, BA, or BMD over two years (Total body BMD:
= 0.004; 95% CI: (-0.007; 0.016). Adjustment for confounders such as age, sex, BMI, pubertal status, socioeconomic status, and physical activity did not change the results. Additionally, no significant difference in fracture risk was observed (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.43; 1.71]).
Soft drink intake had no measurable impact on bone health indices or fracture risk in children, irrespective of PE intervention. Future studies should investigate the effects of specific soft drink types (carbonated vs. non-carbonated) on bone development.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>39857874</pmid><doi>10.3390/children12010043</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9660-6618</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-8756</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Beverages BMD Body mass index bone health Bones Caffeine Childhood Children & youth Cohort analysis Data collection Energy drinks fracture risk Fractures Injuries longitudinal study Nutrition research Physical education Puberty Questionnaires Schools Soft drinks Sports drinks Text messaging |
| title | Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren |
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