Developments in Smart Multi-Function Gait Assistive Devices for the Prevention and Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis—A Literature Review

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition that critically affects locomotor ability and quality of life and, the condition is particularly prevalent in the senior population. The current review presents a gait biomechanics conceptual framework for designing active knee orthoses to prevent and remediate knee OA. Constant excessive loading diminishes knee joint articular cartilage and, therefore, measures to reduce kinetic stresses due to the fact of adduction moments and joint compression are an essential target for OA prevention. A powered orthosis enables torque generation to support knee joint motions and machine-learning-driven “smart systems” can optimise the magnitude and timing of joint actuator forces. Although further research is required, recent findings raise the possibility of exoskeleton-supported, non-surgical OA interventions, increasing the treatment options for this prevalent, painful and seriously debilitating disease. Combined with advances in regenerative medicine, such as stem cell implantation and manipulation of messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) transcription, active knee orthoses can be designed to incorporate electro-magnetic stimulators to promote articular cartilage resynthesis.