Effect of Short-Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Strength of Epoxy Adhesives
Short-glass-fiber-reinforced adhesives are state-of-the-art materials used in the bond lines of wind turbine blades. Various alignments of the short fibers are emerging, which depend on the adhesive flow during the application and joining processes. This induces a spectrum of direction-dependent mec...
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creator | Holst, Tobias Englisch, Nils Antoniou, Alexandros Manousides, Nikolas Balzani, Claudio |
description | Short-glass-fiber-reinforced adhesives are state-of-the-art materials used in the bond lines of wind turbine blades. Various alignments of the short fibers are emerging, which depend on the adhesive flow during the application and joining processes. This induces a spectrum of direction-dependent mechanical properties. The tensile strength, for instance, can vary by about 20% depending on the load direction. Therefore, the adhesive performance, which is normally determined under controlled laboratory conditions and implemented in bond line design routines, can deviate from the in situ application. This work investigates the effect of the short-fiber alignment on the tensile strength distribution of an industry-standard adhesive used in wind turbine rotor blades. The smeared short-fiber orientation of the tensile specimens tested is estimated locally near the damaged surface using a material model that is fed with thermomechanical measurements and calibrated via micro-computed-tomography analysis. A linear correlation between tensile strength and short-fiber alignment has been identified. This augments the identification of the material’s upper and lower strength limits for bond line design purposes. |
doi_str_mv | 10.2514/1.J063879 |
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Various alignments of the short fibers are emerging, which depend on the adhesive flow during the application and joining processes. This induces a spectrum of direction-dependent mechanical properties. The tensile strength, for instance, can vary by about 20% depending on the load direction. Therefore, the adhesive performance, which is normally determined under controlled laboratory conditions and implemented in bond line design routines, can deviate from the in situ application. This work investigates the effect of the short-fiber alignment on the tensile strength distribution of an industry-standard adhesive used in wind turbine rotor blades. The smeared short-fiber orientation of the tensile specimens tested is estimated locally near the damaged surface using a material model that is fed with thermomechanical measurements and calibrated via micro-computed-tomography analysis. A linear correlation between tensile strength and short-fiber alignment has been identified. This augments the identification of the material’s upper and lower strength limits for bond line design purposes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0001-1452</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1533-385X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2514/1.J063879</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</publisher><subject>Adhesive bonding ; Alignment ; Computed tomography ; Epoxy adhesives ; Fiber orientation ; Fiber reinforced polymers ; Glass fiber reinforced plastics ; Glass-epoxy composites ; Mechanical properties ; Orientation effects ; Rotor blades ; Rotor blades (turbomachinery) ; Short fibers ; Tensile strength ; Thermomechanical analysis ; Turbine blades ; Wind damage ; Wind effects ; Wind turbines</subject><ispartof>AIAA journal, 2024-08, Vol.62 (8), p.2934-2942</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2024 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. All requests for copying and permission to reprint should be submitted to CCC at ; employ the eISSN to initiate your request. See also AIAA Rights and Permissions .</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. All requests for copying and permission to reprint should be submitted to CCC at www.copyright.com; employ the eISSN 1533-385X to initiate your request. See also AIAA Rights and Permissions www.aiaa.org/randp.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a178t-c82bacd1f672d8e4a4f11c8838ba7ddf8e0d082ed5fd185cca4e5f39b8f6f1503</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4235-3280</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Holst, Tobias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Englisch, Nils</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antoniou, Alexandros</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manousides, Nikolas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Balzani, Claudio</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Short-Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Strength of Epoxy Adhesives</title><title>AIAA journal</title><description>Short-glass-fiber-reinforced adhesives are state-of-the-art materials used in the bond lines of wind turbine blades. Various alignments of the short fibers are emerging, which depend on the adhesive flow during the application and joining processes. This induces a spectrum of direction-dependent mechanical properties. The tensile strength, for instance, can vary by about 20% depending on the load direction. Therefore, the adhesive performance, which is normally determined under controlled laboratory conditions and implemented in bond line design routines, can deviate from the in situ application. This work investigates the effect of the short-fiber alignment on the tensile strength distribution of an industry-standard adhesive used in wind turbine rotor blades. The smeared short-fiber orientation of the tensile specimens tested is estimated locally near the damaged surface using a material model that is fed with thermomechanical measurements and calibrated via micro-computed-tomography analysis. A linear correlation between tensile strength and short-fiber alignment has been identified. This augments the identification of the material’s upper and lower strength limits for bond line design purposes.</description><subject>Adhesive bonding</subject><subject>Alignment</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Epoxy adhesives</subject><subject>Fiber orientation</subject><subject>Fiber reinforced polymers</subject><subject>Glass fiber reinforced plastics</subject><subject>Glass-epoxy composites</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Orientation effects</subject><subject>Rotor blades</subject><subject>Rotor blades (turbomachinery)</subject><subject>Short fibers</subject><subject>Tensile strength</subject><subject>Thermomechanical analysis</subject><subject>Turbine blades</subject><subject>Wind damage</subject><subject>Wind effects</subject><subject>Wind turbines</subject><issn>0001-1452</issn><issn>1533-385X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNplkE9Lw0AQxRdRsFYPfoOAIHhI3clmk-mxlNY_BHpoBW9hk501KTVbd7div70pLXgQBh4Dv_cePMZugY8SCekjjF55JjAfn7EBSCFigfL9nA045xBDKpNLduX9uv-SHGHAipkxVIfImmjZWBfieVuRixaupS6o0Nou6i80FK2o8-2GomVw1H2E5mCZbe3PPprohnz7Tf6aXRi18XRz0iF7m89W0-e4WDy9TCdFrCDHENeYVKrWYLI80UipSg1AjSiwUrnWBolrjglpaTSgrGuVkjRiXKHJDEguhuzumLt19mtHPpRru3NdX1kKjtk4Q87Tnno4UrWz3jsy5da1n8rtS-DlYawSytNYPXt_ZFWr1F_af_AXAKVnsg</recordid><startdate>20240801</startdate><enddate>20240801</enddate><creator>Holst, Tobias</creator><creator>Englisch, Nils</creator><creator>Antoniou, Alexandros</creator><creator>Manousides, Nikolas</creator><creator>Balzani, Claudio</creator><general>American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-3280</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240801</creationdate><title>Effect of Short-Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Strength of Epoxy Adhesives</title><author>Holst, Tobias ; Englisch, Nils ; Antoniou, Alexandros ; Manousides, Nikolas ; Balzani, Claudio</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a178t-c82bacd1f672d8e4a4f11c8838ba7ddf8e0d082ed5fd185cca4e5f39b8f6f1503</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adhesive bonding</topic><topic>Alignment</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Epoxy adhesives</topic><topic>Fiber orientation</topic><topic>Fiber reinforced polymers</topic><topic>Glass fiber reinforced plastics</topic><topic>Glass-epoxy composites</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Orientation effects</topic><topic>Rotor blades</topic><topic>Rotor blades (turbomachinery)</topic><topic>Short fibers</topic><topic>Tensile strength</topic><topic>Thermomechanical analysis</topic><topic>Turbine blades</topic><topic>Wind damage</topic><topic>Wind effects</topic><topic>Wind turbines</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Holst, Tobias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Englisch, Nils</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antoniou, Alexandros</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manousides, Nikolas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Balzani, Claudio</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>AIAA journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Holst, Tobias</au><au>Englisch, Nils</au><au>Antoniou, Alexandros</au><au>Manousides, Nikolas</au><au>Balzani, Claudio</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Short-Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Strength of Epoxy Adhesives</atitle><jtitle>AIAA journal</jtitle><date>2024-08-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>62</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>2934</spage><epage>2942</epage><pages>2934-2942</pages><issn>0001-1452</issn><eissn>1533-385X</eissn><abstract>Short-glass-fiber-reinforced adhesives are state-of-the-art materials used in the bond lines of wind turbine blades. Various alignments of the short fibers are emerging, which depend on the adhesive flow during the application and joining processes. This induces a spectrum of direction-dependent mechanical properties. The tensile strength, for instance, can vary by about 20% depending on the load direction. Therefore, the adhesive performance, which is normally determined under controlled laboratory conditions and implemented in bond line design routines, can deviate from the in situ application. This work investigates the effect of the short-fiber alignment on the tensile strength distribution of an industry-standard adhesive used in wind turbine rotor blades. The smeared short-fiber orientation of the tensile specimens tested is estimated locally near the damaged surface using a material model that is fed with thermomechanical measurements and calibrated via micro-computed-tomography analysis. A linear correlation between tensile strength and short-fiber alignment has been identified. 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subjects | Adhesive bonding Alignment Computed tomography Epoxy adhesives Fiber orientation Fiber reinforced polymers Glass fiber reinforced plastics Glass-epoxy composites Mechanical properties Orientation effects Rotor blades Rotor blades (turbomachinery) Short fibers Tensile strength Thermomechanical analysis Turbine blades Wind damage Wind effects Wind turbines |
title | Effect of Short-Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Strength of Epoxy Adhesives |
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