Pheromones and parapheromones in the control of tephritids

The complex lives of tephritids are mediated by a variety of chemical cues. Those involved with feeding, host location, mating, and oviposition have been used in control. Feeding--recent work suggests that tropical adult fruit flies feed for the most part on leaf surface bacteria. New attractants based on bacteria and their by-products may soon be available. Host location--host odors, colors and shapes can attract flies and are presently used in integrated pest management. These stimuli are frequently added to traps baited with sexual pheromone and parapheromones. Mating--males, particularly in lekking species, release pheromones that attract both males and virgin females. These compounds are produced in a morphologically broad range of glands. Parapheromones are compounds, often originally derived from plants, that attract sexually mature males and more rarely, females. Their role in fruit fly bionomics is unknown, though they may coincidentally resemble pheromones or be pheromone precursors. The principal uses of sex attractants have been in male eradication and monitoring; however, in the future they may also be useful in quality control. Oviposition--females in a number of pestiferous species mark oviposition sites with a pheromone that discourages egg laying by subsequent females. Chemical identification of these substances has proved difficult, but field trials suggest that they may be used to protect fruit crops. /// La vida compleja de tephritidos es regulada por una variedad de apuntes químicos. Aquellos envueltos con la alimentación, localizar hospederos, apareamiento, y oviposición se han usado para su control. Alimentación--reciente trabajo sugiere que moscas adultas tropicales se alimentan en su mayor parte de bacterias en la superficie de la hoja. Nuevos atrayentes basados en bacterias y sus productos secundarios, pudieran estar disponibles muy pronto. Localizar hospedero--olor del hospedero, colores y formas pueden atraer moscas y son actualmente usadas en la administracion integral de plagas. Estos estímulos son frecuentemente añadidos a trampas cebadas con feromonas sexuales y con paraferomonas. Apareamiento--machos, particularmente en las especies "lekking" echan feromonas que atraen a machos y hembras vírgenes. Estos compuestos son producidos por un número de glandulas morfologicamente diversas. Las paraferomonas son compuestos que a menudo originalmente se derivaron de plantas, y que atraen a machos sexualmente maduros y más raramente a