“The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης

This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to the Roman or early Byzantine periods: the Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words in the Attic Orators by Claudius Casilo. In both works, σαγγάνδης appears together wi...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Philologia classica 2021, Vol.16 (1), p.40-49
1. Verfasser: Rosół, Rafał
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 49
container_issue 1
container_start_page 40
container_title Philologia classica
container_volume 16
creator Rosół, Rafał
description This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to the Roman or early Byzantine periods: the Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words in the Attic Orators by Claudius Casilo. In both works, σαγγάνδης appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor of the Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’ and ἄγγαρος ‘messenger, courier; workman, labourer’. The word σαγγάνδης is analysed in comparison with ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ occurring for the first time in Plutarch’s works and closely linked to the Achaemenid administration. According to the hypothesis put forward in the present paper, both σαγγάνδης and  σγάνδης (with its secondary variant  στάνδης) are connected to Manichaean Middle Persian/Parthian ižgand ‘messenger’, Sogdian (a)žγand/(ɔ) žγand/ž(i)γant ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā ‘id.’, Syriac izgandā/izgaddā ‘id.’, Mandaic ašganda ‘helper, assistant, servant; the Messenger’, and go back to Old Persian *zganda- or to early Middle Persian/early Parthian *žgand- (or *zgand-) with the original meaning ‘mounted messenger’. The reconstructed noun is derived from the Proto-Iranian root *zga(n)d- ‘to go on, gallop, mount’, attested in Avestan (Younger Avestan zgaδ(/θ)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’) and in some Middle and Modern Iranian languages. The original form of the loanword in Greek was probably *σγάνδης which then underwent certain transformations.
doi_str_mv 10.21638/spbu20.2021.104
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>crossref</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_crossref_primary_10_21638_spbu20_2021_104</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>10_21638_spbu20_2021_104</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1534-ddc98df2e044561ea313e808c49b73a790e4230bc7e7483c8fb98704d52eb08e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpNkD1Ow0AQRlcIJKKQnnIv4GT2x_aaDkUQkIKQINTW2h4nBuNEXlPQWYGGO8ANaBBINHAF5wzkJCwEBJri0zx9M8UjZJtBlzNPqJ6ZRVfcLsBZl4FcIy3uMeV4gReskxZY7nBX8E3SMeYcAFggpHKhRe6W9f1ogvQIjcFijKWhukTa13mOCT3VxVgXic6W9cMOrWxvUCJe0MVN89Q823ls3puX5nUxp7ZGs8rQE8x1lU0LM8lmtJrSZT3_eKvtwb9y7xcubv_gFtlIdW6w85Ntcra_N-ofOMPjwWF_d-jEzBXSSZI4UEnKEaR0PYZaMIEKVCyDyBfaDwAlFxDFPvpSiVilUaB8kInLMQKFok1g9Tcup8aUmIazMrvU5XXIIPy2Ga5shl82LZTiE7effzQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>“The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης</title><source>Online Serials From Russia/NIS Available from East View (UDB-IND)</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><creator>Rosół, Rafał</creator><creatorcontrib>Rosół, Rafał ; Adam Mickiewicz University</creatorcontrib><description>This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to the Roman or early Byzantine periods: the Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words in the Attic Orators by Claudius Casilo. In both works, σαγγάνδης appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor of the Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’ and ἄγγαρος ‘messenger, courier; workman, labourer’. The word σαγγάνδης is analysed in comparison with ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ occurring for the first time in Plutarch’s works and closely linked to the Achaemenid administration. According to the hypothesis put forward in the present paper, both σαγγάνδης and  σγάνδης (with its secondary variant  στάνδης) are connected to Manichaean Middle Persian/Parthian ižgand ‘messenger’, Sogdian (a)žγand/(ɔ) žγand/ž(i)γant ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā ‘id.’, Syriac izgandā/izgaddā ‘id.’, Mandaic ašganda ‘helper, assistant, servant; the Messenger’, and go back to Old Persian *zganda- or to early Middle Persian/early Parthian *žgand- (or *zgand-) with the original meaning ‘mounted messenger’. The reconstructed noun is derived from the Proto-Iranian root *zga(n)d- ‘to go on, gallop, mount’, attested in Avestan (Younger Avestan zgaδ(/θ)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’) and in some Middle and Modern Iranian languages. The original form of the loanword in Greek was probably *σγάνδης which then underwent certain transformations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0202-2532</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2618-6969</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.21638/spbu20.2021.104</identifier><language>eng</language><ispartof>Philologia classica, 2021, Vol.16 (1), p.40-49</ispartof><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,4024,27923,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rosół, Rafał</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adam Mickiewicz University</creatorcontrib><title>“The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης</title><title>Philologia classica</title><description>This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to the Roman or early Byzantine periods: the Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words in the Attic Orators by Claudius Casilo. In both works, σαγγάνδης appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor of the Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’ and ἄγγαρος ‘messenger, courier; workman, labourer’. The word σαγγάνδης is analysed in comparison with ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ occurring for the first time in Plutarch’s works and closely linked to the Achaemenid administration. According to the hypothesis put forward in the present paper, both σαγγάνδης and  σγάνδης (with its secondary variant  στάνδης) are connected to Manichaean Middle Persian/Parthian ižgand ‘messenger’, Sogdian (a)žγand/(ɔ) žγand/ž(i)γant ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā ‘id.’, Syriac izgandā/izgaddā ‘id.’, Mandaic ašganda ‘helper, assistant, servant; the Messenger’, and go back to Old Persian *zganda- or to early Middle Persian/early Parthian *žgand- (or *zgand-) with the original meaning ‘mounted messenger’. The reconstructed noun is derived from the Proto-Iranian root *zga(n)d- ‘to go on, gallop, mount’, attested in Avestan (Younger Avestan zgaδ(/θ)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’) and in some Middle and Modern Iranian languages. The original form of the loanword in Greek was probably *σγάνδης which then underwent certain transformations.</description><issn>0202-2532</issn><issn>2618-6969</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpNkD1Ow0AQRlcIJKKQnnIv4GT2x_aaDkUQkIKQINTW2h4nBuNEXlPQWYGGO8ANaBBINHAF5wzkJCwEBJri0zx9M8UjZJtBlzNPqJ6ZRVfcLsBZl4FcIy3uMeV4gReskxZY7nBX8E3SMeYcAFggpHKhRe6W9f1ogvQIjcFijKWhukTa13mOCT3VxVgXic6W9cMOrWxvUCJe0MVN89Q823ls3puX5nUxp7ZGs8rQE8x1lU0LM8lmtJrSZT3_eKvtwb9y7xcubv_gFtlIdW6w85Ntcra_N-ofOMPjwWF_d-jEzBXSSZI4UEnKEaR0PYZaMIEKVCyDyBfaDwAlFxDFPvpSiVilUaB8kInLMQKFok1g9Tcup8aUmIazMrvU5XXIIPy2Ga5shl82LZTiE7effzQ</recordid><startdate>2021</startdate><enddate>2021</enddate><creator>Rosół, Rafał</creator><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2021</creationdate><title>“The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης</title><author>Rosół, Rafał</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1534-ddc98df2e044561ea313e808c49b73a790e4230bc7e7483c8fb98704d52eb08e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rosół, Rafał</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adam Mickiewicz University</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>Philologia classica</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rosół, Rafał</au><aucorp>Adam Mickiewicz University</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>“The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης</atitle><jtitle>Philologia classica</jtitle><date>2021</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>40</spage><epage>49</epage><pages>40-49</pages><issn>0202-2532</issn><eissn>2618-6969</eissn><abstract>This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to the Roman or early Byzantine periods: the Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words in the Attic Orators by Claudius Casilo. In both works, σαγγάνδης appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor of the Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’ and ἄγγαρος ‘messenger, courier; workman, labourer’. The word σαγγάνδης is analysed in comparison with ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ occurring for the first time in Plutarch’s works and closely linked to the Achaemenid administration. According to the hypothesis put forward in the present paper, both σαγγάνδης and  σγάνδης (with its secondary variant  στάνδης) are connected to Manichaean Middle Persian/Parthian ižgand ‘messenger’, Sogdian (a)žγand/(ɔ) žγand/ž(i)γant ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā ‘id.’, Syriac izgandā/izgaddā ‘id.’, Mandaic ašganda ‘helper, assistant, servant; the Messenger’, and go back to Old Persian *zganda- or to early Middle Persian/early Parthian *žgand- (or *zgand-) with the original meaning ‘mounted messenger’. The reconstructed noun is derived from the Proto-Iranian root *zga(n)d- ‘to go on, gallop, mount’, attested in Avestan (Younger Avestan zgaδ(/θ)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’) and in some Middle and Modern Iranian languages. The original form of the loanword in Greek was probably *σγάνδης which then underwent certain transformations.</abstract><doi>10.21638/spbu20.2021.104</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0202-2532
ispartof Philologia classica, 2021, Vol.16 (1), p.40-49
issn 0202-2532
2618-6969
language eng
recordid cdi_crossref_primary_10_21638_spbu20_2021_104
source Online Serials From Russia/NIS Available from East View (UDB-IND); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals
title “The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-23T03%3A37%3A43IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-crossref&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CThe%20Messengers%20are%20Called%20Sangandai%E2%80%9D:%20the%20Greek%20%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82%20and%20its%20Relationship%20to%20%E2%80%82%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82/%E2%80%82%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.jtitle=Philologia%20classica&rft.au=Ros%C3%B3%C5%82,%20Rafa%C5%82&rft.aucorp=Adam%20Mickiewicz%20University&rft.date=2021&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=40&rft.epage=49&rft.pages=40-49&rft.issn=0202-2532&rft.eissn=2618-6969&rft_id=info:doi/10.21638/spbu20.2021.104&rft_dat=%3Ccrossref%3E10_21638_spbu20_2021_104%3C/crossref%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true