Tracing Young Women's Career Aspirations From Junior High School into College

We have heard the claim that the United States needs more scientists, mathematicians, and engineers tocompete in world markets (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983; National Science Board(NSB), 1993, 1998, 2004; National Science Foundation (NSF), 1994, 2001; Task Force on Education forEconomic Growth, 1983). The intensity of such claims increased with the realization that the majority of theworkforce would be women and minorities, who traditionally have not pursued such careers (Bae & Smith,1996; Johnson & Packer, 1987; NSB, 1998; Oakes, 1990; Stumpf & Stanley, 1996). The NSB (1998)predicted a 44% increase in science and engineering (S&E) occupations from 1996 to 2006. However,women constituted 22% of the S&E work force in 1995 and 25% in 1999 (NSB, 1998, 2004). The largestpercentages of women were in the biological sciences (40%) and mathematics/computer science (33%),with much lower percentages in physical science (22% to 23%) and engineering (9% to 10%) (NSB, 1998,2004).