Experimental poisoning by cassava wastewater in sheep

The processing of Manihot esculenta (cassava) tubers yield different by-products, including cassava wastewater, which is the liquid pressed out of the tuber after it has been mechanically crushed. Cyanide poisoning after ingestion of cassava wastewater has been reported in ruminants and pigs in Northeastern Brazil. With the aim of studying its toxicity, cassava wastewater was administered orally to six sheep at doses of 0.99, 0.75, 0.70, 0.63, and 0.5 mg of hydrocyanic acid kg-1 body weight, which corresponded to 14.2, 10.6, 9.8, 8.89, and 7.1 mL of wastewater kg-1. On the second day, the sheep received a volume of wastewater which corresponded to 0.46, 0.34, 0.31, 0.28, and 0.23 mg of HCN kg-1. A sheep used as control received 9.9 mL of water kg-1 BW. Sheep that received from 0.75 to 0.99 mg kg-1 of HCN on the first day exhibited severe clinical signs of poisoning, and the sheep that received 0.63 and 0.5 mg kg-1 exhibited mild clinical signs. All sheep were successfully treated with sodium thiosulfate. On the second day, only the sheep that received 0.46 mg kg-1 and 0.34 mg kg-1 exhibited mild clinical signs and recovered spontaneously. The concentration of HCN in the wastewater was 71.69±2.19 μg mL-1 immediately after production, 30.56±2.45 μg mL-1 after 24 hours, and 24.25±1.28 μg mL-1 after 48 hours. The picric acid paper test was strongly positive 5 minutes after production; moderately positive 24 hours after production, and negative 48 hours after production. We conclude that cassava wastewater is highly toxic to sheep if ingested immediately after production, but rapidly loses toxicity in 24-48 hours. RESUMO: O processamento dos tubérculos de Manihot esculenta (mandioca) produzem diferentes subprodutos, incluindo a manipueira, líquido que escorre das raízes da mandioca depois de ter sido mecanicamente prensada. A intoxicação por cianeto após a ingestão de manipueira tem sido relatada em ruminantes e suínos no Nordeste do Brasil. Com o objetivo de estudar sua toxicidade, administrou-se manipueira por via oral a seis ovelhas em doses de 0,99, 0,75, 0,70, 0,63 e 0,5 mg de peso corporal de ácido cianídrico kg-1, correspondendo a 14,2, 10,6, 9,8, 8,89 e 7,1 mL de manipueira kg-1 de peso corporal. No segundo dia, as ovelhas receberam um volume de manipueira que correspondeu a 0,46, 0,34, 0,31, 0,28 e 0,23 mg de HCN kg-1. Uma ovelha usada como controle recebeu 9,9 mL de água kg-1 de peso corporal. Ovelhas que receberam doses de 0,75 a 0,99 mg kg-1 de HCN