Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90032; and Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System Medical Center, North Hills, California 91343 Peever, John H., Yuan-Yang Lai, and Jerome M. Siegel. Excitatory Effect...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of neurophysiology 2003-05, Vol.89 (5), p.2591-2600 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 2600 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 5 |
| container_start_page | 2591 |
| container_title | Journal of neurophysiology |
| container_volume | 89 |
| creator | Peever, John H Lai, Yuan-Yang Siegel, Jerome M |
| description | Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Neuroscience, School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90032; and
Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System Medical
Center, North Hills, California 91343
Peever, John H.,
Yuan-Yang Lai, and
Jerome M. Siegel.
Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal
Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 2591-2600, 2003. Hypocretin-1 and
-2 (Hcrt-1 and -2, also called orexin-A and -B) are newly identified
neuropeptides synthesized by hypothalamic neurons. Defects in the Hcrt
system underlie the sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized
by sleep fragmentation and the involuntary loss of muscle tone called
cataplexy. Hcrt neurons project to multiple brain regions including
cranial and spinal motor nuclei. In vitro studies suggest that Hcrt
application can modulate presynaptic glutamate release. Together these
observations suggest that Hcrt can affect motor output and that
glutamatergic processes may be involved. We addressed these issues in
decerebrate cats by applying Hcrt-1 and -2 into the trigeminal motor
nucleus to determine whether these ligands alter masseter muscle
activity and by pretreating the trigeminal motor nucleus with a
N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist to
determine if glutamatergic pathways are involved in the transduction of
the Hcrt signal. We found that Hcrt-1 and -2 microinjections into the
trigeminal motor nucleus increased ipsilateral masseter muscle tone in
a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Hcrt application into the
hypoglossal motor nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity.
Pretreatment with a NMDA antagonist
( D -( )-2-amino-phosphonovaleric acid) abolished the excitatory response of the masseter muscle to Hcrt-1 application; however, pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist had no
effect. These studies are the first to demonstrate that Hcrt causes the
excitation of motoneurons and that functional NMDA receptors are
required for this response. We suggest that Hcrt regulates motor
control processes and that this regulation is mediated by glutamate
release in the trigeminal motor nucleus. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1152/jn.00968.2002 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_crossref_primary_10_1152_jn_00968_2002</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>73272100</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c462t-f936b827ca16e6fec9e11fd3be172db3201a5831e0b7479e91116dfeb257dcb53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkc1v1DAQxS1ERZfCkSvyiY9DFo-9ieNjVLYUqR8SWs5WPia7XiVxsB3Y_Pe43RWcqp5mNPq9p6d5hLwDtgRI-Zf9sGRMZfmSM8ZfkEW88QRSlb8ki3jhiWBSnpPX3u8ZYzJl_BU5B54BqIwtSL8-1CaUwbqZrtsW6-Cpben1PNraYTBDAvTTvcND3IrP1Aw07JBunNlib4ayo7c2aundVHc4eVo4pD_wNzqPDa1menf7taDFEMqtHYzv35Cztuw8vj3NC_Lzar25vE5u7r99vyxuknqV8ZC0SmRVzmVdQoZZDKUQoG1EhSB5UwnOoExzAcgquZIKFQBkTYsVT2VTV6m4IB-OvqOzvyb0QffG19h15YB28loKLjkw9iwIuRLpikMEkyNYO-u9w1aPzvSlmzUw_VCE3g_6sQj9UETk35-Mp6rH5j99-nwExBHYme3uj3Gox93sje3sdtZXU9dt8BCiaa50qnmqQI9NG1Ufn1bFBP9o8RdQa6M7</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>18935421</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>American Physiological Society</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><creator>Peever, John H ; Lai, Yuan-Yang ; Siegel, Jerome M</creator><creatorcontrib>Peever, John H ; Lai, Yuan-Yang ; Siegel, Jerome M</creatorcontrib><description>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Neuroscience, School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90032; and
Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System Medical
Center, North Hills, California 91343
Peever, John H.,
Yuan-Yang Lai, and
Jerome M. Siegel.
Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal
Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 2591-2600, 2003. Hypocretin-1 and
-2 (Hcrt-1 and -2, also called orexin-A and -B) are newly identified
neuropeptides synthesized by hypothalamic neurons. Defects in the Hcrt
system underlie the sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized
by sleep fragmentation and the involuntary loss of muscle tone called
cataplexy. Hcrt neurons project to multiple brain regions including
cranial and spinal motor nuclei. In vitro studies suggest that Hcrt
application can modulate presynaptic glutamate release. Together these
observations suggest that Hcrt can affect motor output and that
glutamatergic processes may be involved. We addressed these issues in
decerebrate cats by applying Hcrt-1 and -2 into the trigeminal motor
nucleus to determine whether these ligands alter masseter muscle
activity and by pretreating the trigeminal motor nucleus with a
N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist to
determine if glutamatergic pathways are involved in the transduction of
the Hcrt signal. We found that Hcrt-1 and -2 microinjections into the
trigeminal motor nucleus increased ipsilateral masseter muscle tone in
a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Hcrt application into the
hypoglossal motor nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity.
Pretreatment with a NMDA antagonist
( D -( )-2-amino-phosphonovaleric acid) abolished the excitatory response of the masseter muscle to Hcrt-1 application; however, pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist had no
effect. These studies are the first to demonstrate that Hcrt causes the
excitation of motoneurons and that functional NMDA receptors are
required for this response. We suggest that Hcrt regulates motor
control processes and that this regulation is mediated by glutamate
release in the trigeminal motor nucleus.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-3077</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1522-1598</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1152/jn.00968.2002</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12611960</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Am Phys Soc</publisher><subject><![CDATA[2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - administration & dosage ; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - pharmacology ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins - administration & dosage ; Carrier Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors ; Carrier Proteins - pharmacology ; Cats ; Decerebrate State - physiopathology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electromyography ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - administration & dosage ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology ; Female ; Functional Laterality - physiology ; Hypoglossal Nerve - cytology ; Hypoglossal Nerve - physiology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Microinjections ; Motor Neurons - drug effects ; Muscle Tonus - physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal - cytology ; Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Neuropeptides - administration & dosage ; Neuropeptides - antagonists & inhibitors ; Neuropeptides - pharmacology ; Orexin A ; Orexin Receptors ; Orexins ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Neuropeptide ; Serotonin Antagonists - pharmacology ; Trigeminal Nuclei - drug effects]]></subject><ispartof>Journal of neurophysiology, 2003-05, Vol.89 (5), p.2591-2600</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c462t-f936b827ca16e6fec9e11fd3be172db3201a5831e0b7479e91116dfeb257dcb53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c462t-f936b827ca16e6fec9e11fd3be172db3201a5831e0b7479e91116dfeb257dcb53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3039,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12611960$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Peever, John H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lai, Yuan-Yang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegel, Jerome M</creatorcontrib><title>Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism</title><title>Journal of neurophysiology</title><addtitle>J Neurophysiol</addtitle><description>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Neuroscience, School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90032; and
Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System Medical
Center, North Hills, California 91343
Peever, John H.,
Yuan-Yang Lai, and
Jerome M. Siegel.
Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal
Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 2591-2600, 2003. Hypocretin-1 and
-2 (Hcrt-1 and -2, also called orexin-A and -B) are newly identified
neuropeptides synthesized by hypothalamic neurons. Defects in the Hcrt
system underlie the sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized
by sleep fragmentation and the involuntary loss of muscle tone called
cataplexy. Hcrt neurons project to multiple brain regions including
cranial and spinal motor nuclei. In vitro studies suggest that Hcrt
application can modulate presynaptic glutamate release. Together these
observations suggest that Hcrt can affect motor output and that
glutamatergic processes may be involved. We addressed these issues in
decerebrate cats by applying Hcrt-1 and -2 into the trigeminal motor
nucleus to determine whether these ligands alter masseter muscle
activity and by pretreating the trigeminal motor nucleus with a
N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist to
determine if glutamatergic pathways are involved in the transduction of
the Hcrt signal. We found that Hcrt-1 and -2 microinjections into the
trigeminal motor nucleus increased ipsilateral masseter muscle tone in
a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Hcrt application into the
hypoglossal motor nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity.
Pretreatment with a NMDA antagonist
( D -( )-2-amino-phosphonovaleric acid) abolished the excitatory response of the masseter muscle to Hcrt-1 application; however, pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist had no
effect. These studies are the first to demonstrate that Hcrt causes the
excitation of motoneurons and that functional NMDA receptors are
required for this response. We suggest that Hcrt regulates motor
control processes and that this regulation is mediated by glutamate
release in the trigeminal motor nucleus.</description><subject>2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - administration & dosage</subject><subject>2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - pharmacology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Carrier Proteins - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Carrier Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Carrier Proteins - pharmacology</subject><subject>Cats</subject><subject>Decerebrate State - physiopathology</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Electrodes, Implanted</subject><subject>Electromyography</subject><subject>Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Functional Laterality - physiology</subject><subject>Hypoglossal Nerve - cytology</subject><subject>Hypoglossal Nerve - physiology</subject><subject>Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins</subject><subject>Microinjections</subject><subject>Motor Neurons - drug effects</subject><subject>Muscle Tonus - physiology</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - cytology</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Neuropeptides - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Neuropeptides - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Neuropeptides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Orexin A</subject><subject>Orexin Receptors</subject><subject>Orexins</subject><subject>Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled</subject><subject>Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Receptors, Neuropeptide</subject><subject>Serotonin Antagonists - pharmacology</subject><subject>Trigeminal Nuclei - drug effects</subject><issn>0022-3077</issn><issn>1522-1598</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1v1DAQxS1ERZfCkSvyiY9DFo-9ieNjVLYUqR8SWs5WPia7XiVxsB3Y_Pe43RWcqp5mNPq9p6d5hLwDtgRI-Zf9sGRMZfmSM8ZfkEW88QRSlb8ki3jhiWBSnpPX3u8ZYzJl_BU5B54BqIwtSL8-1CaUwbqZrtsW6-Cpben1PNraYTBDAvTTvcND3IrP1Aw07JBunNlib4ayo7c2aundVHc4eVo4pD_wNzqPDa1menf7taDFEMqtHYzv35Cztuw8vj3NC_Lzar25vE5u7r99vyxuknqV8ZC0SmRVzmVdQoZZDKUQoG1EhSB5UwnOoExzAcgquZIKFQBkTYsVT2VTV6m4IB-OvqOzvyb0QffG19h15YB28loKLjkw9iwIuRLpikMEkyNYO-u9w1aPzvSlmzUw_VCE3g_6sQj9UETk35-Mp6rH5j99-nwExBHYme3uj3Gox93sje3sdtZXU9dt8BCiaa50qnmqQI9NG1Ufn1bFBP9o8RdQa6M7</recordid><startdate>20030501</startdate><enddate>20030501</enddate><creator>Peever, John H</creator><creator>Lai, Yuan-Yang</creator><creator>Siegel, Jerome M</creator><general>Am Phys Soc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20030501</creationdate><title>Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism</title><author>Peever, John H ; Lai, Yuan-Yang ; Siegel, Jerome M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c462t-f936b827ca16e6fec9e11fd3be172db3201a5831e0b7479e91116dfeb257dcb53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - administration & dosage</topic><topic>2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - pharmacology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Carrier Proteins - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Carrier Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Carrier Proteins - pharmacology</topic><topic>Cats</topic><topic>Decerebrate State - physiopathology</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Electrodes, Implanted</topic><topic>Electromyography</topic><topic>Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Functional Laterality - physiology</topic><topic>Hypoglossal Nerve - cytology</topic><topic>Hypoglossal Nerve - physiology</topic><topic>Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins</topic><topic>Microinjections</topic><topic>Motor Neurons - drug effects</topic><topic>Muscle Tonus - physiology</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - cytology</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</topic><topic>Neuropeptides - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Neuropeptides - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Neuropeptides - pharmacology</topic><topic>Orexin A</topic><topic>Orexin Receptors</topic><topic>Orexins</topic><topic>Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled</topic><topic>Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Receptors, Neuropeptide</topic><topic>Serotonin Antagonists - pharmacology</topic><topic>Trigeminal Nuclei - drug effects</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Peever, John H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lai, Yuan-Yang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegel, Jerome M</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of neurophysiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Peever, John H</au><au>Lai, Yuan-Yang</au><au>Siegel, Jerome M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism</atitle><jtitle>Journal of neurophysiology</jtitle><addtitle>J Neurophysiol</addtitle><date>2003-05-01</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>89</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>2591</spage><epage>2600</epage><pages>2591-2600</pages><issn>0022-3077</issn><eissn>1522-1598</eissn><abstract>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Neuroscience, School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90032; and
Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System Medical
Center, North Hills, California 91343
Peever, John H.,
Yuan-Yang Lai, and
Jerome M. Siegel.
Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal
Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 2591-2600, 2003. Hypocretin-1 and
-2 (Hcrt-1 and -2, also called orexin-A and -B) are newly identified
neuropeptides synthesized by hypothalamic neurons. Defects in the Hcrt
system underlie the sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized
by sleep fragmentation and the involuntary loss of muscle tone called
cataplexy. Hcrt neurons project to multiple brain regions including
cranial and spinal motor nuclei. In vitro studies suggest that Hcrt
application can modulate presynaptic glutamate release. Together these
observations suggest that Hcrt can affect motor output and that
glutamatergic processes may be involved. We addressed these issues in
decerebrate cats by applying Hcrt-1 and -2 into the trigeminal motor
nucleus to determine whether these ligands alter masseter muscle
activity and by pretreating the trigeminal motor nucleus with a
N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist to
determine if glutamatergic pathways are involved in the transduction of
the Hcrt signal. We found that Hcrt-1 and -2 microinjections into the
trigeminal motor nucleus increased ipsilateral masseter muscle tone in
a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Hcrt application into the
hypoglossal motor nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity.
Pretreatment with a NMDA antagonist
( D -( )-2-amino-phosphonovaleric acid) abolished the excitatory response of the masseter muscle to Hcrt-1 application; however, pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist had no
effect. These studies are the first to demonstrate that Hcrt causes the
excitation of motoneurons and that functional NMDA receptors are
required for this response. We suggest that Hcrt regulates motor
control processes and that this regulation is mediated by glutamate
release in the trigeminal motor nucleus.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Am Phys Soc</pub><pmid>12611960</pmid><doi>10.1152/jn.00968.2002</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0022-3077 |
| ispartof | Journal of neurophysiology, 2003-05, Vol.89 (5), p.2591-2600 |
| issn | 0022-3077 1522-1598 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_crossref_primary_10_1152_jn_00968_2002 |
| source | MEDLINE; American Physiological Society; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - administration & dosage 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate - pharmacology Animals Carrier Proteins - administration & dosage Carrier Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors Carrier Proteins - pharmacology Cats Decerebrate State - physiopathology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Electrodes, Implanted Electromyography Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - administration & dosage Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology Female Functional Laterality - physiology Hypoglossal Nerve - cytology Hypoglossal Nerve - physiology Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins Microinjections Motor Neurons - drug effects Muscle Tonus - physiology Muscle, Skeletal - cytology Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Neuropeptides - administration & dosage Neuropeptides - antagonists & inhibitors Neuropeptides - pharmacology Orexin A Orexin Receptors Orexins Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate - antagonists & inhibitors Receptors, Neuropeptide Serotonin Antagonists - pharmacology Trigeminal Nuclei - drug effects |
| title | Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-06T19%3A34%3A18IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Excitatory%20Effects%20of%20Hypocretin-1%20(Orexin-A)%20in%20the%20Trigeminal%20Motor%20Nucleus%20Are%20Reversed%20by%20NMDA%20Antagonism&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20neurophysiology&rft.au=Peever,%20John%20H&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=2591&rft.epage=2600&rft.pages=2591-2600&rft.issn=0022-3077&rft.eissn=1522-1598&rft_id=info:doi/10.1152/jn.00968.2002&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E73272100%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=18935421&rft_id=info:pmid/12611960&rfr_iscdi=true |