Review—Engineering Challenges in Green Hydrogen Production Systems
Today, hydrogen (H 2 ) is overwhelmingly produced through steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas, which emits about 12 kg of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) for 1 kg of H 2 (∼12 kg-CO 2 /kg-H 2 ). Water electrolysis offers an alternative for H 2 production, but today’s electrolyzers consume over 55 kWh...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2022-05, Vol.169 (5), p.54503 |
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| creator | Tao, Meng Azzolini, Joseph A. Stechel, Ellen B. Ayers, Katherine E. Valdez, Thomas I. |
| description | Today, hydrogen (H
2
) is overwhelmingly produced through steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas, which emits about 12 kg of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) for 1 kg of H
2
(∼12 kg-CO
2
/kg-H
2
). Water electrolysis offers an alternative for H
2
production, but today’s electrolyzers consume over 55 kWh of electricity for 1 kg of H
2
(>55 kWh/kg-H
2
). Electric grid-powered water electrolysis would emit less CO
2
than the SMR process when the carbon intensity for grid power falls below 0.22 kg-CO
2
/kWh. Solar- and wind-powered electrolytic H
2
production promises over 80% CO
2
reduction over the SMR process, but large-scale (megawatt to gigawatt) direct solar- or wind-powered water electrolysis has yet to be demonstrated. In this paper, several approaches for solar-powered electrolysis are analyzed: (1) coupling a photovoltaic (PV) array with an electrolyzer through alternating current; (2) direct-current (DC) to DC coupling; and (3) direct DC-DC coupling without a power converter. Co-locating a solar or wind farm with an electrolyzer provides a lower power loss and a lower upfront system cost than long-distance power transmission. A load-matching PV system for water electrolysis enables a 10%–50% lower levelized cost of electricity than the other systems and excellent scalability from a few kilowatts to a gigawatt. The concept of maximum current point tracking is introduced in place of maximum power point tracking to maximize the H
2
output by solar-powered electrolysis. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1149/1945-7111/ac6983 |
| format | Article |
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2
) is overwhelmingly produced through steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas, which emits about 12 kg of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) for 1 kg of H
2
(∼12 kg-CO
2
/kg-H
2
). Water electrolysis offers an alternative for H
2
production, but today’s electrolyzers consume over 55 kWh of electricity for 1 kg of H
2
(>55 kWh/kg-H
2
). Electric grid-powered water electrolysis would emit less CO
2
than the SMR process when the carbon intensity for grid power falls below 0.22 kg-CO
2
/kWh. Solar- and wind-powered electrolytic H
2
production promises over 80% CO
2
reduction over the SMR process, but large-scale (megawatt to gigawatt) direct solar- or wind-powered water electrolysis has yet to be demonstrated. In this paper, several approaches for solar-powered electrolysis are analyzed: (1) coupling a photovoltaic (PV) array with an electrolyzer through alternating current; (2) direct-current (DC) to DC coupling; and (3) direct DC-DC coupling without a power converter. Co-locating a solar or wind farm with an electrolyzer provides a lower power loss and a lower upfront system cost than long-distance power transmission. A load-matching PV system for water electrolysis enables a 10%–50% lower levelized cost of electricity than the other systems and excellent scalability from a few kilowatts to a gigawatt. The concept of maximum current point tracking is introduced in place of maximum power point tracking to maximize the H
2
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2
) is overwhelmingly produced through steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas, which emits about 12 kg of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) for 1 kg of H
2
(∼12 kg-CO
2
/kg-H
2
). Water electrolysis offers an alternative for H
2
production, but today’s electrolyzers consume over 55 kWh of electricity for 1 kg of H
2
(>55 kWh/kg-H
2
). Electric grid-powered water electrolysis would emit less CO
2
than the SMR process when the carbon intensity for grid power falls below 0.22 kg-CO
2
/kWh. Solar- and wind-powered electrolytic H
2
production promises over 80% CO
2
reduction over the SMR process, but large-scale (megawatt to gigawatt) direct solar- or wind-powered water electrolysis has yet to be demonstrated. In this paper, several approaches for solar-powered electrolysis are analyzed: (1) coupling a photovoltaic (PV) array with an electrolyzer through alternating current; (2) direct-current (DC) to DC coupling; and (3) direct DC-DC coupling without a power converter. Co-locating a solar or wind farm with an electrolyzer provides a lower power loss and a lower upfront system cost than long-distance power transmission. A load-matching PV system for water electrolysis enables a 10%–50% lower levelized cost of electricity than the other systems and excellent scalability from a few kilowatts to a gigawatt. The concept of maximum current point tracking is introduced in place of maximum power point tracking to maximize the H
2
output by solar-powered electrolysis.</description><subject>Energy Conversion</subject><subject>Energy Storage</subject><subject>Industrial Electrolysis</subject><issn>0013-4651</issn><issn>1945-7111</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>O3W</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kLtOwzAUhi0EEqWwM2ZkINSOL01GVEqLVAnEZbZ8OQ6uWqeyW1A2HoIn5ElIVMSEmM5F_3d0_h-hc4KvCGHViFSM52NCyEgZUZX0AA1-V4dogDGhOROcHKOTlJbdSEo2HqCbR3jz8P718TkNtQ8A0Yc6m7yq1QpCDSnzIZtFgJDNWxubumseYmN3ZuubkD21aQvrdIqOnFolOPupQ_RyO32ezPPF_exucr3IDeV8m-sxNaXmhbaC0IKCMdwoy5wSVruqVNqAVsxhZbTgFnSlnDBMU1UyoGVh6RDh_V0Tm5QiOLmJfq1iKwmWfQqytyx7y3KfQodc7hHfbOSy2cXQPfif_OIP-RI6RFSSS8wZx1RurKPfQoVuZA</recordid><startdate>20220501</startdate><enddate>20220501</enddate><creator>Tao, Meng</creator><creator>Azzolini, Joseph A.</creator><creator>Stechel, Ellen B.</creator><creator>Ayers, Katherine E.</creator><creator>Valdez, Thomas I.</creator><general>IOP Publishing</general><scope>O3W</scope><scope>TSCCA</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5743-7092</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220501</creationdate><title>Review—Engineering Challenges in Green Hydrogen Production Systems</title><author>Tao, Meng ; Azzolini, Joseph A. ; Stechel, Ellen B. ; Ayers, Katherine E. ; Valdez, Thomas I.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c355t-b73c8b52bd61323ecc5cad4fa6dbf98abceba4f0acb65deb9af6c4b3a84e382d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Energy Conversion</topic><topic>Energy Storage</topic><topic>Industrial Electrolysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tao, Meng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azzolini, Joseph A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stechel, Ellen B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayers, Katherine E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valdez, Thomas I.</creatorcontrib><collection>Institute of Physics Open Access Journal Titles</collection><collection>IOPscience (Open Access)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>Journal of the Electrochemical Society</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tao, Meng</au><au>Azzolini, Joseph A.</au><au>Stechel, Ellen B.</au><au>Ayers, Katherine E.</au><au>Valdez, Thomas I.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Review—Engineering Challenges in Green Hydrogen Production Systems</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the Electrochemical Society</jtitle><stitle>JES</stitle><addtitle>J. Electrochem. Soc</addtitle><date>2022-05-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>169</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>54503</spage><pages>54503-</pages><issn>0013-4651</issn><eissn>1945-7111</eissn><coden>JESOAN</coden><abstract>Today, hydrogen (H
2
) is overwhelmingly produced through steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas, which emits about 12 kg of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) for 1 kg of H
2
(∼12 kg-CO
2
/kg-H
2
). Water electrolysis offers an alternative for H
2
production, but today’s electrolyzers consume over 55 kWh of electricity for 1 kg of H
2
(>55 kWh/kg-H
2
). Electric grid-powered water electrolysis would emit less CO
2
than the SMR process when the carbon intensity for grid power falls below 0.22 kg-CO
2
/kWh. Solar- and wind-powered electrolytic H
2
production promises over 80% CO
2
reduction over the SMR process, but large-scale (megawatt to gigawatt) direct solar- or wind-powered water electrolysis has yet to be demonstrated. In this paper, several approaches for solar-powered electrolysis are analyzed: (1) coupling a photovoltaic (PV) array with an electrolyzer through alternating current; (2) direct-current (DC) to DC coupling; and (3) direct DC-DC coupling without a power converter. Co-locating a solar or wind farm with an electrolyzer provides a lower power loss and a lower upfront system cost than long-distance power transmission. A load-matching PV system for water electrolysis enables a 10%–50% lower levelized cost of electricity than the other systems and excellent scalability from a few kilowatts to a gigawatt. The concept of maximum current point tracking is introduced in place of maximum power point tracking to maximize the H
2
output by solar-powered electrolysis.</abstract><pub>IOP Publishing</pub><doi>10.1149/1945-7111/ac6983</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5743-7092</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2022-05, Vol.169 (5), p.54503 |
| issn | 0013-4651 1945-7111 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_crossref_primary_10_1149_1945_7111_ac6983 |
| source | IOP Publishing Journals |
| subjects | Energy Conversion Energy Storage Industrial Electrolysis |
| title | Review—Engineering Challenges in Green Hydrogen Production Systems |
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