Review-Current Trends in Disposable Graphene-Based Printed Electrode for Electrochemical Biosensors

Printed electrodes are playing a vital role in the fabrication of cost-effective electronic devices due to its ease to handle. Also, paper-based electrochemical sensing from one-drop of excretory bio-fluids such as saliva, urine, and sweat with higher efficiently is need of an hour. This method will be more welcoming, as it is a non-invasive method with high accuracy. Recently, various researchers are considering disposable printed electrodes for direct electrochemical sensing, that is advantageous in terms of rapid and accurate analyses within a stipulated time. Cutting edge technology of printed graphene-based electrode has created a great attention for analysis of biofluids. In this; the detection electrode should be low cost, scalable, and real time visualization as point-of-care electronic devices. The two-dimensional graphene has the ability to easily modify the surface properties towards the detection of various biomolecule analytes. In this review, we will discuss about the challenges in the graphene ink formulation, the important parameters need to be monitored and methods for printing a pattern on paper towards its application as functional electrodes. On the detection methods, we will elaborate on various biomolecule detection methods such as glucose sensor, cholesterol sensor, neurochemicals/transmitters, and pharmaceutical sensor. This article also emphasis on ubiquitous technology in non-invasive electrochemical biosensors evoked towards future healthy wellbeing.