Measurements of radiant emissive power and temperatures in crown fires
This study presents spatially and temporally resolved measurements of air temperatures and radiant energy fluxes in a boreal forest crown fire. Measurements were collected 3.1, 6.2, 9.2, 12.3, and 13.8 m above the ground surface. Peak air temperatures exceeded 1330 degrees C, and maximum radiant ene...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Canadian journal of forest research 2004-08, Vol.34 (8), p.1577-1587 |
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| container_title | Canadian journal of forest research |
| container_volume | 34 |
| creator | Butler, B.W Cohen, J Latham, D.J Schuette, R.D Sopko, P Shannon, K.S Jimenez, D Bradshaw, L.S |
| description | This study presents spatially and temporally resolved measurements of air temperatures and radiant energy fluxes in a boreal forest crown fire. Measurements were collected 3.1, 6.2, 9.2, 12.3, and 13.8 m above the ground surface. Peak air temperatures exceeded 1330 degrees C, and maximum radiant energy fluxes occurred in the upper third of the forest stand and reached 290 kW.m(-2). Average radiant flux from the flames across all experiments was found to be approximately 200 kW.m(-2). Measured temperatures showed some variation with vertical height in the canopy. Equivalent radiometric temperatures calculated from radiant heat flux measurements exceeded thermocouple-based temperatures for all but the 10-m height, indicating that fire intensity estimates based on thermocouple measurements alone may result in underestimation of actual radiant intensity. The data indicate that the radiative energy penetration distance is significantly longer in the forest canopy than in the lower levels of the forest stand. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1139/x04-060 |
| format | Article |
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Measurements were collected 3.1, 6.2, 9.2, 12.3, and 13.8 m above the ground surface. Peak air temperatures exceeded 1330 degrees C, and maximum radiant energy fluxes occurred in the upper third of the forest stand and reached 290 kW.m(-2). Average radiant flux from the flames across all experiments was found to be approximately 200 kW.m(-2). Measured temperatures showed some variation with vertical height in the canopy. Equivalent radiometric temperatures calculated from radiant heat flux measurements exceeded thermocouple-based temperatures for all but the 10-m height, indicating that fire intensity estimates based on thermocouple measurements alone may result in underestimation of actual radiant intensity. The data indicate that the radiative energy penetration distance is significantly longer in the forest canopy than in the lower levels of the forest stand.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0045-5067</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1208-6037</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1139/x04-060</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Ottawa, Canada: NRC Research Press</publisher><subject>air temperature ; boreal forests ; burning ; environmental factors ; fire intensity ; forest fire management ; forest fires ; forest stands ; heat ; heat emissions ; heat transfer ; height ; mathematical models ; measurement ; overstory ; Picea mariana ; Pinus banksiana ; sensors ; spatial variation ; spread rate ; temporal variation ; thermocouples ; tree crown</subject><ispartof>Canadian journal of forest research, 2004-08, Vol.34 (8), p.1577-1587</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c382t-4f2c50f0c6ed0929364f62c6e441f5e724685e8fc965ad6de3c725ebd1a333cd3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c382t-4f2c50f0c6ed0929364f62c6e441f5e724685e8fc965ad6de3c725ebd1a333cd3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27929,27930</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Butler, B.W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cohen, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latham, D.J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schuette, R.D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sopko, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shannon, K.S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jimenez, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradshaw, L.S</creatorcontrib><title>Measurements of radiant emissive power and temperatures in crown fires</title><title>Canadian journal of forest research</title><addtitle>Revue canadienne de recherche forestière</addtitle><description>This study presents spatially and temporally resolved measurements of air temperatures and radiant energy fluxes in a boreal forest crown fire. Measurements were collected 3.1, 6.2, 9.2, 12.3, and 13.8 m above the ground surface. Peak air temperatures exceeded 1330 degrees C, and maximum radiant energy fluxes occurred in the upper third of the forest stand and reached 290 kW.m(-2). Average radiant flux from the flames across all experiments was found to be approximately 200 kW.m(-2). Measured temperatures showed some variation with vertical height in the canopy. Equivalent radiometric temperatures calculated from radiant heat flux measurements exceeded thermocouple-based temperatures for all but the 10-m height, indicating that fire intensity estimates based on thermocouple measurements alone may result in underestimation of actual radiant intensity. The data indicate that the radiative energy penetration distance is significantly longer in the forest canopy than in the lower levels of the forest stand.</description><subject>air temperature</subject><subject>boreal forests</subject><subject>burning</subject><subject>environmental factors</subject><subject>fire intensity</subject><subject>forest fire management</subject><subject>forest fires</subject><subject>forest stands</subject><subject>heat</subject><subject>heat emissions</subject><subject>heat transfer</subject><subject>height</subject><subject>mathematical models</subject><subject>measurement</subject><subject>overstory</subject><subject>Picea mariana</subject><subject>Pinus banksiana</subject><subject>sensors</subject><subject>spatial variation</subject><subject>spread rate</subject><subject>temporal variation</subject><subject>thermocouples</subject><subject>tree crown</subject><issn>0045-5067</issn><issn>1208-6037</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp10E1LAzEQBuAgCtYq_gRzUhBWJ5_dPYpYFSoetOcQk4mudD9Mtlb_vZEWPYinYeDhZeYl5JDBGWOiOv8AWYCGLTJiHMpCg5hskxGAVIUCPdkleym9AoDQAkZkeoc2LSM22A6JdoFG62vbDhSbOqX6HWnfrTBS23o6YNNjtEPmidYtdbFbtTTUed0nO8EuEh5s5pjMp1ePlzfF7P769vJiVjhR8qGQgTsFAZxGDxWvhJZB87xJyYLCCZe6VFgGV2llvfYo3IQrfPLMCiGcF2NyvM7tY_e2xDSYfKbDxcK22C2TyR9LzVmV4cka5iNTihhMH-vGxk_DwHz3ZHJPJvf0G9lGlz9BG93LD94g0_uQ4en_8G_q0RoH2xn7HOtk5g8cmAColBa8FF8Ngn-z</recordid><startdate>20040801</startdate><enddate>20040801</enddate><creator>Butler, B.W</creator><creator>Cohen, J</creator><creator>Latham, D.J</creator><creator>Schuette, R.D</creator><creator>Sopko, P</creator><creator>Shannon, K.S</creator><creator>Jimenez, D</creator><creator>Bradshaw, L.S</creator><general>NRC Research Press</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>C1K</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20040801</creationdate><title>Measurements of radiant emissive power and temperatures in crown fires</title><author>Butler, B.W ; Cohen, J ; Latham, D.J ; Schuette, R.D ; Sopko, P ; Shannon, K.S ; Jimenez, D ; Bradshaw, L.S</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c382t-4f2c50f0c6ed0929364f62c6e441f5e724685e8fc965ad6de3c725ebd1a333cd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>air temperature</topic><topic>boreal forests</topic><topic>burning</topic><topic>environmental factors</topic><topic>fire intensity</topic><topic>forest fire management</topic><topic>forest fires</topic><topic>forest stands</topic><topic>heat</topic><topic>heat emissions</topic><topic>heat transfer</topic><topic>height</topic><topic>mathematical models</topic><topic>measurement</topic><topic>overstory</topic><topic>Picea mariana</topic><topic>Pinus banksiana</topic><topic>sensors</topic><topic>spatial variation</topic><topic>spread rate</topic><topic>temporal variation</topic><topic>thermocouples</topic><topic>tree crown</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Butler, B.W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cohen, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latham, D.J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schuette, R.D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sopko, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shannon, K.S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jimenez, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradshaw, L.S</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><jtitle>Canadian journal of forest research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Butler, B.W</au><au>Cohen, J</au><au>Latham, D.J</au><au>Schuette, R.D</au><au>Sopko, P</au><au>Shannon, K.S</au><au>Jimenez, D</au><au>Bradshaw, L.S</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Measurements of radiant emissive power and temperatures in crown fires</atitle><jtitle>Canadian journal of forest research</jtitle><addtitle>Revue canadienne de recherche forestière</addtitle><date>2004-08-01</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>34</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1577</spage><epage>1587</epage><pages>1577-1587</pages><issn>0045-5067</issn><eissn>1208-6037</eissn><abstract>This study presents spatially and temporally resolved measurements of air temperatures and radiant energy fluxes in a boreal forest crown fire. Measurements were collected 3.1, 6.2, 9.2, 12.3, and 13.8 m above the ground surface. Peak air temperatures exceeded 1330 degrees C, and maximum radiant energy fluxes occurred in the upper third of the forest stand and reached 290 kW.m(-2). Average radiant flux from the flames across all experiments was found to be approximately 200 kW.m(-2). Measured temperatures showed some variation with vertical height in the canopy. Equivalent radiometric temperatures calculated from radiant heat flux measurements exceeded thermocouple-based temperatures for all but the 10-m height, indicating that fire intensity estimates based on thermocouple measurements alone may result in underestimation of actual radiant intensity. The data indicate that the radiative energy penetration distance is significantly longer in the forest canopy than in the lower levels of the forest stand.</abstract><cop>Ottawa, Canada</cop><pub>NRC Research Press</pub><doi>10.1139/x04-060</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Canadian journal of forest research, 2004-08, Vol.34 (8), p.1577-1587 |
| issn | 0045-5067 1208-6037 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | air temperature boreal forests burning environmental factors fire intensity forest fire management forest fires forest stands heat heat emissions heat transfer height mathematical models measurement overstory Picea mariana Pinus banksiana sensors spatial variation spread rate temporal variation thermocouples tree crown |
| title | Measurements of radiant emissive power and temperatures in crown fires |
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