Growth, physiology, and stomatal parameters of plant polyploids grown under ice age, present-day, and future CO 2 concentrations

Polyploidy plays an important role in plant evolution, but knowledge of its eco-physiological consequences, such as of the putatively enlarged stomata of polyploid plants, remains limited. Enlarged stomata should disadvantage polyploids at low CO concentrations (namely during the Quaternary glacial periods) because larger stomata are viewed as less effective at CO uptake. We observed the growth, physiology, and epidermal cell features of 15 diploids and their polyploid relatives cultivated under glacial, present-day, and potential future atmospheric CO concentrations (200, 400, and 800 ppm respectively). We demonstrated some well-known polyploidy effects, such as faster growth and larger leaves, seeds, stomata, and other epidermal cells. The stomata of polyploids, however, tended to be more elongated than those of diploids, and contrary to common belief, they had no negative effect on the CO uptake capacity of polyploids. Moreover, polyploids grew comparatively better than diploids even at low, glacial CO concentrations. Higher polyploids with large genomes also showed increased operational stomatal conductance and consequently, a lower water-use efficiency. Our results point to a possible decrease in growth superiority of polyploids over diploids in a current and future high CO climatic scenarios, as well as the possible water and/or nutrient dependency of higher polyploids.