Development and Initial Results of a Brain PET Insert for Simultaneous 7-Tesla PET/MRI Using an FPGA-Only Signal Digitization Method
In study, we developed a positron emission tomography (PET) insert for simultaneous brain imaging within 7-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanners. The PET insert has 18 sectors, and each sector is assembled with two-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI)-capable high-resolution block detector...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE transactions on medical imaging 2021-06, Vol.40 (6), p.1579-1590 |
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| creator | Won, Jun Yeon Park, Haewook Lee, Seungeun Son, Jeong-Whan Chung, Yina Ko, Guen Bae Kim, Kyeong Yun Song, Junghyun Seo, Seongho Ryu, Yeunchul Chung, Jun-Young Lee, Jae Sung |
| description | In study, we developed a positron emission tomography (PET) insert for simultaneous brain imaging within 7-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanners. The PET insert has 18 sectors, and each sector is assembled with two-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI)-capable high-resolution block detectors. The PET scanner features a 16.7-cm-long axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide entire human brain images without bed movement. The PET scanner early digitizes a large number of block detector signals at a front-end data acquisition (DAQ) board using a novel field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-only signal digitization method. All the digitized PET data from the front-end DAQ boards are transferred using gigabit transceivers via non-magnetic high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cables. A back-end DAQ system provides a common clock and synchronization signal for FPGAs over the HDMI cables. An active cooling system using copper heat pipes is applied for thermal regulation. All the 2.17-mm-pitch crystals with two-layer DOI information were clearly identified in the block detectors, exhibiting a system-level energy resolution of 12.6%. The PET scanner yielded clear hot-rod and Hoffman brain phantom images and demonstrated 3D PET imaging capability without bed movement. We also performed a pilot simultaneous PET/MR imaging study of a brain phantom. The PET scanner achieved a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm at the center FOV (NU 4) and a sensitivity of 18.9 kcps/MBq (NU 2) and 6.19% (NU 4) in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1109/TMI.2021.3062066 |
| format | Article |
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The PET insert has 18 sectors, and each sector is assembled with two-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI)-capable high-resolution block detectors. The PET scanner features a 16.7-cm-long axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide entire human brain images without bed movement. The PET scanner early digitizes a large number of block detector signals at a front-end data acquisition (DAQ) board using a novel field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-only signal digitization method. All the digitized PET data from the front-end DAQ boards are transferred using gigabit transceivers via non-magnetic high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cables. A back-end DAQ system provides a common clock and synchronization signal for FPGAs over the HDMI cables. An active cooling system using copper heat pipes is applied for thermal regulation. All the 2.17-mm-pitch crystals with two-layer DOI information were clearly identified in the block detectors, exhibiting a system-level energy resolution of 12.6%. The PET scanner yielded clear hot-rod and Hoffman brain phantom images and demonstrated 3D PET imaging capability without bed movement. We also performed a pilot simultaneous PET/MR imaging study of a brain phantom. The PET scanner achieved a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm at the center FOV (NU 4) and a sensitivity of 18.9 kcps/MBq (NU 2) and 6.19% (NU 4) in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0278-0062</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-254X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/TMI.2021.3062066</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33625980</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ITMID4</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: IEEE</publisher><subject>Bed movements ; Brain ; Brain PET ; Cables ; Cooling systems ; Crystals ; DAQ ; Data acquisition ; Detectors ; Digitization ; Emission analysis ; Energy resolution ; Field of view ; Field programmable gate arrays ; FPGA ; Heat pipes ; High definition ; Human motion ; Imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Medical imaging ; Multimedia ; NEMA ; Neuroimaging ; Positron emission ; Positron emission tomography ; Scanners ; simultaneous PET/MRI ; Spatial discrimination ; Spatial resolution ; Synchronism ; Synchronization ; Tomography ; Transceivers</subject><ispartof>IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 2021-06, Vol.40 (6), p.1579-1590</ispartof><rights>Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-a8a726224e0ff3c29a24f4e10f9060e4296fc5e563468c8c6d20fd611d2be6363</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-a8a726224e0ff3c29a24f4e10f9060e4296fc5e563468c8c6d20fd611d2be6363</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1155-0107 ; 0000-0001-9114-463X ; 0000-0001-5760-2545 ; 0000-0002-5734-5961 ; 0000-0002-7408-8215 ; 0000-0001-7623-053X ; 0000-0002-2532-1535 ; 0000-0002-3886-6462</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9363182$$EHTML$$P50$$Gieee$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,796,27924,27925,54758</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33625980$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Won, Jun Yeon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Haewook</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Seungeun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Son, Jeong-Whan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chung, Yina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ko, Guen Bae</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Kyeong Yun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Junghyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seo, Seongho</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryu, Yeunchul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chung, Jun-Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Jae Sung</creatorcontrib><title>Development and Initial Results of a Brain PET Insert for Simultaneous 7-Tesla PET/MRI Using an FPGA-Only Signal Digitization Method</title><title>IEEE transactions on medical imaging</title><addtitle>TMI</addtitle><addtitle>IEEE Trans Med Imaging</addtitle><description>In study, we developed a positron emission tomography (PET) insert for simultaneous brain imaging within 7-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanners. The PET insert has 18 sectors, and each sector is assembled with two-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI)-capable high-resolution block detectors. The PET scanner features a 16.7-cm-long axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide entire human brain images without bed movement. The PET scanner early digitizes a large number of block detector signals at a front-end data acquisition (DAQ) board using a novel field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-only signal digitization method. All the digitized PET data from the front-end DAQ boards are transferred using gigabit transceivers via non-magnetic high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cables. A back-end DAQ system provides a common clock and synchronization signal for FPGAs over the HDMI cables. An active cooling system using copper heat pipes is applied for thermal regulation. All the 2.17-mm-pitch crystals with two-layer DOI information were clearly identified in the block detectors, exhibiting a system-level energy resolution of 12.6%. The PET scanner yielded clear hot-rod and Hoffman brain phantom images and demonstrated 3D PET imaging capability without bed movement. We also performed a pilot simultaneous PET/MR imaging study of a brain phantom. The PET scanner achieved a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm at the center FOV (NU 4) and a sensitivity of 18.9 kcps/MBq (NU 2) and 6.19% (NU 4) in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards.</description><subject>Bed movements</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain PET</subject><subject>Cables</subject><subject>Cooling systems</subject><subject>Crystals</subject><subject>DAQ</subject><subject>Data acquisition</subject><subject>Detectors</subject><subject>Digitization</subject><subject>Emission analysis</subject><subject>Energy resolution</subject><subject>Field of view</subject><subject>Field programmable gate arrays</subject><subject>FPGA</subject><subject>Heat pipes</subject><subject>High definition</subject><subject>Human motion</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance imaging</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Multimedia</subject><subject>NEMA</subject><subject>Neuroimaging</subject><subject>Positron emission</subject><subject>Positron emission tomography</subject><subject>Scanners</subject><subject>simultaneous PET/MRI</subject><subject>Spatial discrimination</subject><subject>Spatial resolution</subject><subject>Synchronism</subject><subject>Synchronization</subject><subject>Tomography</subject><subject>Transceivers</subject><issn>0278-0062</issn><issn>1558-254X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ESBDL</sourceid><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkU1vEzEQhi0EoqFwR0JClrhw2XT8mfWx9ItIjVqVVOK2cnfHwdWuHexdpHLmh-MooQdOPrzPvJ7RQ8h7BnPGwJysV8s5B87mAjQHrV-QGVOqrriS31-SGfBFXUGJjsibnB8BmFRgXpMjITRXpoYZ-XOOv7CP2wHDSG3o6DL40due3mGe-jHT6KilX5L1gd5erEucMY3UxUS_-aEQNmCcMl1Ua8y93TEnq7slvc8-bEohvby9Oq1uQv9U-E0oxed-U374bUcfA13h-CN2b8krZ_uM7w7vMbm_vFiffa2ub66WZ6fXVSuVGitb2wXXnEsE50TLjeXSSWTgDGhAyY12rUKlhdR1W7e64-A6zVjHH1ALLY7J533vNsWfE-axGXxuse_3RzRcGiEVM8wU9NN_6GOcUtm_UEpoEKrWqlCwp9oUc07omm3yg01PDYNmZ6gphpqdoeZgqIx8PBRPDwN2zwP_lBTgwx7wiPgcm7I-q7n4Cx3dknk</recordid><startdate>20210601</startdate><enddate>20210601</enddate><creator>Won, Jun Yeon</creator><creator>Park, Haewook</creator><creator>Lee, Seungeun</creator><creator>Son, Jeong-Whan</creator><creator>Chung, Yina</creator><creator>Ko, Guen Bae</creator><creator>Kim, Kyeong Yun</creator><creator>Song, Junghyun</creator><creator>Seo, Seongho</creator><creator>Ryu, Yeunchul</creator><creator>Chung, Jun-Young</creator><creator>Lee, Jae Sung</creator><general>IEEE</general><general>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 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The PET insert has 18 sectors, and each sector is assembled with two-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI)-capable high-resolution block detectors. The PET scanner features a 16.7-cm-long axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide entire human brain images without bed movement. The PET scanner early digitizes a large number of block detector signals at a front-end data acquisition (DAQ) board using a novel field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-only signal digitization method. All the digitized PET data from the front-end DAQ boards are transferred using gigabit transceivers via non-magnetic high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cables. A back-end DAQ system provides a common clock and synchronization signal for FPGAs over the HDMI cables. An active cooling system using copper heat pipes is applied for thermal regulation. All the 2.17-mm-pitch crystals with two-layer DOI information were clearly identified in the block detectors, exhibiting a system-level energy resolution of 12.6%. The PET scanner yielded clear hot-rod and Hoffman brain phantom images and demonstrated 3D PET imaging capability without bed movement. We also performed a pilot simultaneous PET/MR imaging study of a brain phantom. The PET scanner achieved a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm at the center FOV (NU 4) and a sensitivity of 18.9 kcps/MBq (NU 2) and 6.19% (NU 4) in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>IEEE</pub><pmid>33625980</pmid><doi>10.1109/TMI.2021.3062066</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-0107</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-463X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5760-2545</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-5961</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7408-8215</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7623-053X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-1535</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-6462</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Bed movements Brain Brain PET Cables Cooling systems Crystals DAQ Data acquisition Detectors Digitization Emission analysis Energy resolution Field of view Field programmable gate arrays FPGA Heat pipes High definition Human motion Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Medical imaging Multimedia NEMA Neuroimaging Positron emission Positron emission tomography Scanners simultaneous PET/MRI Spatial discrimination Spatial resolution Synchronism Synchronization Tomography Transceivers |
| title | Development and Initial Results of a Brain PET Insert for Simultaneous 7-Tesla PET/MRI Using an FPGA-Only Signal Digitization Method |
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