Advances in Antenna-Based Techniques for Detection and Monitoring of Critical Chronic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Antennas play a driving role in wireless communication, implantable devices, diagnostic imaging, biotelemetry, and biosensing. Numerous articles in the literature discuss the intricacies of designing biomedical antennas. However, there is a need for a research article in which the design, performance and challenges of such significant antennas should be compared and highlighted based on various available design techniques to enhance performance parameters, including efficiency, bandwidth, size, and appropriate bio-compatible material used to efficiently transmit data from the human body. Designing biomedical antennas presents several challenges, including miniaturization and integration into compact devices, ensuring bio-compatibility with the human body, conforming to biological structures, mitigating electromagnetic interference (EMI), accounting for signal attenuation and propagation in the body, optimizing power efficiency, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards. Overcoming these challenges requires expertise in the biomedical antenna field. Hence, a comprehensive review is valuable for scholars aspiring to excel in this domain. This review will offer a comprehensive overview of the existing work on developing biomedical antennas and enhanced insights into future research directions for critical diseases, including skin cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, endoscopy, brain tumor and glucose level detection. The advantage of this study is the understanding of different types of antennas for various diseases. This study also allows the realization of appropriate bio-compatible materials and flexible materials for biomedical antenna design, the effect of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) on human/animal body and finally, the tables provide the antenna performance in terms of gain, bandwidth, and directivity with respect to antenna size and type of substrate material used for each disease. These biomedical antennas have several applications for diagnosis, early-stage cancer detection, and, in some cases providing enough energy to cure the cancer cells in the human/animal body.